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Current Development In Thought Accounting †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Current Development In Thought Accounting? Answer: Presentation The current paper presents there short basic expositions identified with the contemporary issues in bookkeeping. In this unique circumstance, the principal exposition points in exhibiting the information on the subjective qualities of bookkeeping as referenced in calculated system. The following exposition shows information on standardizing hypotheses in bookkeeping and the last paper is tied in with talking about the structure squares of reasonable system. Characterize CF in bookkeeping According to the IASB, a non-benefit association answerable for creating worldwide bookkeeping principles has created and executed reasonable bookkeeping structure for improving the nature of budgetary reports of business substances. The applied structure decides the ideas that help in arrangement and introduction of fiscal summaries to end-clients (IFRS Conceptual Framework: About, 2017). The principle motivation behind creating reasonable structure is to give direction to the IFRS in creating future budgetary detailing gauges and helping national standard-setting bodies in creating bookkeeping norms. The theoretical system gathers the interrelated ideas on various bookkeeping speculations for creating standard-setting and assent bookkeeping standards (Deegan, 2014, p.214). The four significant subjective attributes of helpful money related data according to the reasonable bookkeeping system are importance, unwavering quality, equivalence and understandability (International Account ing Standards Board [IASB] 2010, p.xxx). Connection CF to the destinations of universally useful budgetary revealing The targets of broadly useful budgetary report give a premise to the turn of events and establishment of calculated structure. The significant targets of the universally useful monetary reports are to give valuable and valid money related data to the present and future speculators of a business element. These goals are connected with the theoretical system standards of pertinence, unwavering quality, likeness and understandability that target upgrading the dynamic value of fiscal reports (IFRS Foundation, 2015). Connection the destinations of universally useful monetary answering to expected clients The universally useful budgetary reports means to give valuable and appropriate data to the end-clients for empowering them to settle on venture choices. The IASB, in this unique situation, has included stewardship under its target of choice helpfulness. The stewardship approach as adjusted the universally useful money related announcing destinations with those of the expected clients. The primary target of stewardship is to reveal more data about the past occasions and future execution of a business substance in monetary answering to help the dynamic procedure of end-clients (Deegan, 2014, p.166). Subjective attributes of bookkeeping connected to planned clients The subjective attributes of monetary data according to the IASB are significance, equivalence, evident, convenient and justifiable. These are connected to the proposed clients as these attributes expects to reveal all the essential and materialistic money related data to the clients for ensuring their advantage. The improvement of fiscal summaries based on these trademark will guarantee that end-clients, for example, speculators and loan bosses get all the exact and practical money related data for settling on right choices with respect to their venture (IASB CF, 2015, p.27-30). Connecting the subjective attributes to the goals of estimation According to the IASB destinations of estimation, the monetary reports should gauge all the advantages and liabilities consistently according to the importance subjective attributes of money related announcing. Additionally, the basic subjective attributes of dedicated portrayal have likewise a few ramifications for estimations according to which money related reports created must be liberated from any blunder. Nonetheless, this doesn't suggest that estimations ought to be consummately precise however any deviations must be unwavering spoken to during money related announcing. According to the understandability subjective trademark, the clients of money related report must have the option to build up a comprehension of the estimations utilized (International Accounting Standards Board [IASB] 2013, p.xxx). Which is increasingly significant: pertinence or steadfast portrayal The significance and dependable portrayal are the two principle subjective attributes of budgetary announcing. Nonetheless, with the expanding occurrences about the fake exercises in the associations because of stowing away and covering of valuable data has started the discussion of deciding the most significant subjective quality of bookkeeping among pertinence and dedicated portrayal. The significance has been viewed as generally significant over reasonable portrayal as it more effect on improving the nature of monetary reports by uncovering all the materialistic statistical data points with the goal that speculators understand a genuine image of the money related situation of a firm (IASB CF, 2015, p.27-30). Is it feasible for bookkeeping to ever accomplish reliable portrayal? The budget reports must have fulfillment, lack of bias and liberated from any materialistic mistake so as to accomplish devoted portrayal. Be that as it may, this is beyond the realm of imagination in genuine terms as the business substances can't give exact estimation of an announcing firm yet just give an estimation of its worth. The monetary reports can't give all the data required by the potential speculators, for example, about the monetary conditions affecting the money related execution. Be that as it may, the objective of unwavering portrayal in bookkeeping is to precisely speak to the general financial conditions it has not accomplished steadfastness (Alexander et al, 2007, p.120-121). Characterize regularizing hypothesis The regularizing way to deal with bookkeeping is utilized for advancement of calculated structure and gives a comprehension of the announcing the various sections of the fiscal reports for achieving the ideal yields. The hypothesis gives direction to the arrangement producers about the future bookkeeping procedures to be received based on hypothetical standard. It gives proposals to the bookkeeping strategy producers based on existing bookkeeping speculations and lead to the advancement of explicit bookkeeping arrangements (Matthews Perera, 1996, p.xxx). Characterize HCA and quickly examine its attributes, qualities and shortcomings The Historic Cost Accounting (HCA) includes building up the records of a substance based on notable expense. The memorable expense is alluded to as ostensible or unique expense of an advantage on the information of its procurement. The HCA standards expresses that a benefit ought to be accounted for at its expense during a bookkeeping exchange that incorporates all the expenses includes in preparing an advantage for the utilization. The fundamental preferred position of this methodology is that this methodology is a simpler strategy for resource valuation. The first expense of a benefit is anything but difficult to be resolved and checked as it as of now exists and as such can't be modified. In any case, its downside is that the methodology doesn't give an estimation of things to come estimation of benefits and accordingly doesn't consent to significance standard of bookkeeping (Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales [ICAEW], 2006, p.xxx). Depict the standardizing options to HCA and examine their qualities, qualities and shortcomings in their endeavor to conquer HCA's shortcomings The consistent buying power bookkeeping (CPPA), capital cost stipend (CCA) and Fair Value Accounting (FVA) are a portion of the standardizing options to HCA. The significant advantage of CPPA over HCA is that gives solid money related data to the administration for encouraging its dynamic procedure. Then again, CCA strategy considers the yearly devaluation on the expense of advantages that can be guaranteed with the end goal of personal duty. Be that as it may, it doesn't conquer the imperfections of chronicled cost approach suitably as this technique additionally doesn't help in giving a future gauge of a firm presentation. In this specific circumstance, the FVA is the most helpful bookkeeping technique that speaks to the present data about the benefits and liabilities esteem on the monetary record. The FVA is additionally exposed to some analysis as it doesn't give dependable budgetary data as it depends on presumptions by the chiefs in this way bringing down the unwavering quality of money related revealing (IASB CF, 2015, p. 61-64). Assessment process for deciding the achievement levels for both HCA and the standardizing options to HCA The business elements are required to choose the most suitable estimation reason for esteeming its advantages and liabilities for ensuring the financial specialists intrigue. It is imperative to believe the necessary data to be revealed in the universally useful budget reports. In this unique situation, a business element is required to survey the capacity of an advantage or obligation to deliver future incomes and their temperament and attributes. The business element is required to choose an estimation premise that gives the most pertinent data in its monetary reports (IASB CF, 2015, p.67). Were any of the regularizing options to HCA effective? There have been the advancement of various standardizing options to HCA, for example, CPPA, CCA or CoCoA yet none of the methodology had the option to give a bookkeeping standard to estimating the benefits and liabilities. Be that as it may, the reasonable worth bookkeeping technique has helped in conquering a portion of the downsides of HCA and furthermore consolidates the highlights of CPPA, CCA and CoCoA effectively. The FVA is additionally connected with certain disadvantages and accordingly the bookkeeping experts are thinking about different techniques for estimation, for example, moderate representing keeping up the dependability of money related data (IASB CF, 2013, p.113-116). Portrayal of the key buil

Common Slang Terms for Heroin

Common Slang Terms for Heroin Addiction Drug Use Heroin Print Common Slang Terms for Heroin By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on January 14, 2020 Diverse Images/UIG/Getty Images   More in Addiction Drug Use Heroin Cocaine Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In the culture surrounding illegal drugs, there are thousands of slang terms, nicknames and street names for every imaginable drug. Hundreds of those street terms are used for heroin, a highly addictive illegal drug.?? Slang terms for heroin are derived from a wide variety of sources, including the physical appearance and type of heroin; where its from; the effect it has on users; and how it is packaged for sale. Some street names for heroin are simply designed to cover up the topic of conversation and throw eavesdroppers off track. The Appearance of Heroin Some of the slang terms are based on the drugs appearance after it is cut and packaged for sale on the street. Some terms are based on the color of the drug and others on its composition. Black EagleBlack TarBlack PearlBrown CrystalBrown TapeBrown SugarBrown RhineDirtDieselGolden GirlOrange LineRed RockRed EagleRed ChickenSaltSpider BlueWhite StuffWhite NurseWhite JunkWhite StuffWhite NurseWhite Junk Place of Origin A few of the slang terms are derived from the supposed origin of the drug. Chinese RedMexican MudMexican Horse Effects of Heroin Many of the nicknames given to heroin over the years have to do with the effect it has on the user or the quality or pureness of the drug at the street level. Brain DamageDead on ArrivalHard StuffHard CandyHairyHell DustHoly TerrorJoy FlakesNice and EasyRush HourSweet Dreams Names Based on People and Characters Some of the most colorful street terms are the names of people or characters loosely associated with the drug or simply because their names start with the letter H. Sometimes, there seems to be no logic at all behind the nickname. Aunt HazelAl CaponeBatmanBart SimpsonBig HarryCharleyDooleyDr. FeelgoodGeorgeHarryHelenHazelHenryHombrePlutoRamboScottThe WitchThe Beast Terms Based on Packaging Some nicknames are based on how the drug is packaged by street-level dealers, either by the packagings appearance or cost. Big BagBlue BagBlue StarBrick GumNickel Deck Names Based on the Word Heroin Many of the slang terms are plays on the word heroin or are mispronunciations of the word. Others are used just because they begin with the letter H. Big HCapital HGalloping HorseHGood HorseGood HH CapsHayronHeroHeraHorse Names Based on Deception Like street terms for other illegal drugs, many of the slang terms for heroin are used for no other reason except they disguise the true topic of the conversation to others who might overhear. Some of these terms seem to have no other logical explanation. AriesAntifreezeBallotBig DoodigBozoBonitaBombs AwayBull DogFoilFerry DustLittle BoyNoiseReindeer DustScagSkagSmackTootsie Roll 5 Things Everyone Should Know About Heroin Addiction

Societal Factors Of Moral Panic - 1538 Words

It is easy to look back at the mid-twentieth century, and chalk up their moral â€Å"panics† to closeminded attitudes or just plain ignorance. Assuming this, however, is ignorant in itself. There are numerous societal factors that influence and encourage these moral panics regarding numerous issues, such as: alcohol use, sex work, and homosexuality. These societal factors include maintaining and reinforcing social hierarchy, increasing the power of the federal government, and establishing the â€Å"otherness† as well as the â€Å"right† between individuals. The first moral panic I want to consider is the craze over alcohol use. In class discussion as well as in the book Last Call, the prohibition against the sale of alcohol was analyzed and discussed.†¦show more content†¦At a convention of the National Retail Liquor Dealer’s Association, the president quoted, â€Å" Gentlemen, we need fear the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and the ba llot in the hands of women; therefore, gentlemen, fight woman suffrage† (Okrent 65). Many women realized that in order to push forth the suffrage movement, a strong counter measure was to act against the anti-prohibitionist. Basically, they wanted to push forth a movement that supported the issues that were important to them, and the prohibitionist did while the big liquor companies did not. For women, the â€Å"panic† was not n actual fear or moral dilemma but actually a way to gain support for and give power to the suffrage movement. Another point we discussed in class regarding Okrents work, was the role of the federal government. â€Å"The original Constitution and its first seventeen amendments limited the activities of government, not of citizens† (Okrent 3). Prior to the 18th amendment the constitution was molded around restricting the power of the government rather than restricting the citizens. As we discussed, this growing disdain for alcohol consumptio n meant that the government had to take a stance in order to prevent itself from looking weak on one or both sides of the argument. Though the 18th amendment itself may have come across as a direct response to a fear of alcohol consumption, it also expanded the power of the government as Okrent writes: â€Å"for the progressives it [passing the amendment] was anShow MoreRelatedThe Representation Of The Media1624 Words   |  7 Pagesthese youths were a distorted representation of the event since he was there at the time and saw little evidence of the violence they reported. The representation of the event by the newspapers led to public fear and a negative societal response from the people, government, and the police towards the youths of these subcultures. The newspapers made these subcultures more popular leading to the involvement of more young people in these subcultures, as they felt they had to identifyRead MoreThe Hiv/Aids Moral Panic. Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe HIV/AIDS moral panic. In human societies there will always be issues or problems that occur which cause some form of reaction from those who feel that their values or societal equilibrium is being threatened. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young led the way in explaining the notion of moral panics and how they are formed and their consequences on society. There have been numerous of these moral phenomena over the years, which have gripped society in a vice lock of terror and more often than notRead MoreThe representation of youth in a clockwork orange and If....1437 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the next three decades, and â€Å"If†¦.† Was a piece of film that showed an example of this teenage rebellion. One of the main representation theorists at that time was Stanley Cohen, his theory on moral panics describes it as a sporadic episode which, as it occurs, subjects’ society to bouts of moral panic, or in other terms, worry about the values and principles which society upholds which may be in jeopardy. This is one of the main theories I will be applying to the two films I will be analysingRead MoreRacial Bias And Racial Stereotypes Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pagesissue of race representation which becomes even more serious and cause for concern at the moment existed in the past until now, specifically the problem of racial bias and racial stereotypes. Well development of the media is one of the significant factors which influences the issue, especially in the medium of news reporting, for example, the newspaper, network and television news, etc. News contributes to transmitting incident information, but the appearance of news misrepresentation and the languageRead MoreStanley Cohens Concept of a Moral Panic1692 Words   |  7 PagesStanley Cohen’s career started to move in the upward direction with the publication of his first serious research in 1972. The book called â€Å"Folk Devils and Moral Panics† was devoted to the issues relevant to the British society in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Exactly in this book he introduced for the first time such a term as â€Å"moral panic†, which became rather widely used since then. The author of the book concentrated his attention on the rivalry of the two British â€Å"gangs† residing in LiverpoolRead MoreTerrorism and Moral Panic in America Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pagesendangered. There have been a number of moral panics which have captivated society in terror and more often than not, owing to unfamiliarity. This essay will discuss the perception of a moral panic and will look at the case of the September 11th Terrorist attack against the United States of America, which triggered a colossal conflict of morality within modern day society. This essay will also analyse terrorism as a perceived deviance, the role of the moral entrepreneur and folk devil, in order toRead MoreExplanation to Crime and Deviancy Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pages True Crime or Moral Panic? Evaluate and apply sociological theories relating to crime and deviance Explanations of Crime and Deviancy Crime - an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law. Deviance-the fact or state of diverging from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior. Crime and deviance are seemingly effortlessly defined by the Oxford dictionary. However sociological prospectives have differing views on crime and the explanationsRead MoreGetting Away with Murder Aaron1464 Words   |  6 Pagesultimately rejected by the judge presiding over the case, is known as the homosexual-panic or gay-panic defense. According to the Harvard Law Review, this defense, a manifestation of the temporary insanity plea, is premised on the theory that a person with latent homosexual tendencies will have an extreme and uncontrollably violent reaction when confronted with a homosexual proposition (Stryker 2). The homosexual panic defense-based on the premise that internal homophobia justifies cold-blooded murder-isRead More Hip Hop vs. Ethics Essay1665 Words   |  7 PagesEthics of The Music Industry Works Cited Not Included Hip-hop culture has been socially labeled as deviant, a counter-culture, un-American because of its lack of moral. Specifically, gangsta rap which glorifies guns, sex, violence, drug use and gang activity has been castigated. This type of rap promotes a nonconformist and rebel adaptive behavior. As a result, it gives hip-hop culture a deviant label. A simple definition of deviance is behavior that does not conform to group-shared norms;Read MoreEssay on The Concept of Moral Panics1884 Words   |  8 PagesThe Concept of Moral Panics A moral panic is said to occur when the media mobilises public opinion around the condemnation of deviance (Media coverage of deviance: moral panics, lecture handout, 07-10-02). Deviance, in this context, refers to the violation of social norms and values, and the subsequent disruption of social order. This essay will begin with a clarification of the terms moral panic and deviance and outline how the two concepts

Euthanasi The Issue Of Euthanasia - 2130 Words

Sometimes in life, things don’t turn out how one may have planned. Accidents happen, people grow old, and people get sick. These different events are not always comfortable, and sometimes even cause one to want to end his or her life. In extreme cases, when a person’s quality of life is beyond toleration or they feel as though there is no point to living, the issue of euthanasia often arises. Euthanasia is technically defined as â€Å"the act or practice of killing someone who is very sick or injured in order to prevent any more suffering (Merriam 1). In America people should have the right to end their life if they chose. The right to life and the right to private and family life under the European convention on human rights should be interpreted broadly to include decisions about the topic of euthanasia is one that is highly disputed among people over the world.† Euthanasia means killing someone who is very sick to prevent more suffering† (Weaver 1). An example of this is â€Å"Terri Schiavo suffered severe brain damage following cardiac arrest in 1990. She entered what doctors call permanent vegetative state. In other words, a person seems to be awake but is not conscious. Ms.Schiavo’s husband and her parents fought about whether she should be kept alive by a feeding tube. The public and press argued over the issue as well. The case was so hotly debated that even then-President George W. Bush got involved. He signed a law aimed at keeping Ms. Schiavo alive. In 2005, MichaelShow MoreRelatedEuthanasi The Issue Of Euthanasia1427 Words   |  6 Pages Euthanasia: The main purpose of this essay is to focus on the controversy surrounding the issue of euthanasia and analyse the pros and cons arguments regarding euthanasia. This essay will aim to analyse in further details the complexity of the matter regarding euthanasia and will argue the pros and cons of euthanasia and will also debate the major impact that legalising euthanasia might have on the society, on the medical industry andRead MoreEuthanasi The Issue Of Euthanasia1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe question of euthanasia, also referred to as mercy killing, is among the most disputable topic on ethics in America. It refers to the intentional putting to death of a person with an incurable or painful disease intended as an act of mercy (Newhealthguide.org, 2016). Euthanasia is closely related to doctor assisted suicide. However, the two acts differ in that, euthanasia means injecting a terminally sick patient with lethal dose of a drug or withdrawing feeding tubes to let the patient die ofRead MoreEuthanasi The Issue Of Euthanasia Essay1780 Words   |  8 PagesEuthanasia is a debatable topic worldwide. Should people be allowed to decide when to terminate their own life? Some terminally ill patients want to be put out of their misery because there is nothing else a doctor or medicine can do for their condition. But others see euthanasia to be morally wrong. Suicide and Euthanasia have two very different meanings that reflect dying. Suicide is intentionally killing oneself because he or she does not want to continue on with life. Euthanasia can be definedRead MoreEuthanasi The Issue Of Legalizing Euthanasia1662 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Euthanasia Ata Dogan Student Sheridan College Abstract This paper examines how countries around the world have dealt with euthanasia as an upcoming issue. Looking into the stances, arguments and opinions surrounding the issue of legalizing Euthanasia. It goes into detail about why citizens are requesting legalization and also reviews who are the people specifically that chose to be euthanized. Furthermore, it discusses the negative stance and the positive outcomes of this issue over a person’sRead MoreEuthanasi The Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia1650 Words   |  7 PagesAdelaide students think about legalising voluntary euthanasia in Australia? Introduction The purpose of this research is to seeking and analysing the opinions about legalising voluntary euthanasia within Adelaide students (aged 18-25 years old). With recent changes to legalisation of child euthanasia in Belgium, the controversial issue of euthanasia is currently being re-spotlighted all over the world. Ongoing active discussion on the legalisation of euthanasia mainly debates individual’s choices in ending

Straying to the roulette table I saw a man with a long black coat advanced towards me Free Essays

Win! That’s the last thing I did. It was amazing! At the age of 24 I had the best run of anyone. It was Sunday 1st of January, it started with a crossword. We will write a custom essay sample on Straying to the roulette table I saw a man with a long black coat advanced towards me or any similar topic only for you Order Now Going through the questions; one had stomped me, the question was â€Å"† 6 letters down and I was clueless. Then scavenging for words â€Å"danger† was the one that stood out the most, I looked at it strangely. Wildly, the door bell rang. The few seconds that I was walking towards the door I wondered who could be here at this time, 5:00am on this frosty winter’s morning. Adrenalin rushed through my body. Slowly the door creaked open like one of those murder movie. Peering out of the door I saw with my first glance a man about the same age and size as me, then looking properly I gazed again no one was there. The giant of a door shut, turning I saw that a letter sluggish glided down towards the floor. The letter, it had nothing on it just at the back a wax, red, black eagle crescent holding the letter closed. Irresolute looking, my hand slowly shaking quavering went to open the letter excited and feeling miss lead by the figure at the door. My hands where on it, opening it when I was interrupted by the phone computer and mobile ringing at the same time. Picking up the phone no one was on the other end. The computer had an email â€Å"you are invited to an annual opening of the Royal Casino.† â€Å"You will be escorted there by your personal butler.† It didn’t hit me until I got over the email that, the shady figure at the door might be my butler. There was a 3 second pause in the house I thought â€Å"why was I invited to this casino if I was a nobody?† Feeling dizzy, I when to the kitchen to get a drink of water, filed 3/4 of a wine glass when realising that the letter was still in my hand. As if I was drunk I opened the letter saying†¦ The next day I woke up at about 5:31 a few seconds later the bell rang again. It was him. Looking at me with his deadly amber eyes it felt like he was peering through my very soul using some sort of supernatural powers. The butler asked me what my name was. My mouth was open for a few seconds thinking what to say before I said â€Å"Carlos.† â€Å"Sorry I couldn’t properly introduce myself yesterday in the morning† â€Å"my name is Earl† the voice was an extremely posh English accent; he probably came from a long line of high respected people. Suddenly a cold wind breeze shot down my spine making me wonder why I was going to this place I had hardly played in a casino before. â€Å"We will have to go in around 30 minutes† â€Å"we have a tight schedule.† Looking at my watch I started counting it was weird, my head didn’t feel right. Escorted to the car it felt like having my own 15 seconds of fame. It took us 32 minutes and a half to get there; when we reached our destination we had 3 guards outside escorting all of us in. The place was armed to the teeth with players. â€Å"Play what ever you want.† Ever player had there unique style of winning. Thinking to myself I didn’t know where should I start? Rubbing my hand quickly together, I started playing. Straying to the roulette table I saw a man with a long black coat advanced towards me. We both sat down to play, seemingly a ruthless game. Anticipating my every move he placed the money right on the jackpot. Undergoing this defeat I grow in strength raising the stakes declaring war on that man. Determine not to lose I placed a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000 bet on number 14 red. Lifting my hand of lead my eyes shone with light. Weirdly I became the centre of attraction putting à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100,000 smugly in my pocket. Steering up he gave me an impregnable look, smiled and walked off towards a man in a shadow. While examining more closely standing there amber eyed butler Earl was leaning on the wall and strangely doing nothing. Slowly I proceeded towards him, when his amber eyes tried to corrupt my vision. I stood tremendously and strutted on towards him. Contemptuously, he wanted to say that â€Å"a gentleman was really interested in me and had invited me to go to the VIP section to play a great game of blackjack.† I started to move towards them gradually my heart started to beat faster, going at the speed of a fighter jet. Walking on I started thinking what was with me that people have began to take interest with. The black coated man brought out a 10.5 inch pistol and directed it straight at my head. Unanticipated he plummeted towards the floor. Turning him round I saw a small dart hole in his chest, this could only be made by a blowgun. Thinking to my self I wondered why I was stressing over he killer (saving my life). I went over to the VIP zone amazed that no-one was disturbed by this. There was a tall; man sitting down on an expensive leather seat hand stitched to match the feelings of that person, a brown eyed man called Rasior me asking if I wanted to join in on the game of blackjack. Under shock I wondered if this sort of fiasco would happen again with these sorts of people. The dealer deals the cards and feeling lucky I causally looked at the cards, the 10 of hearts and clubs. I then raised the money to a substantial amount. We all open our hands and I had 20, the rest had 21, the winning number. Gasping for breath I shook my head placed a bet and played again. My loss in confidence might have had a big effect on me. While dealing I hoped I would have better cards this time round. 3 of clubs and 8 of spades; I asked for one more, king of spades. Adding them, a small smirk shone upon my face. 21! Watching them turn over the cards, a wave of sweat was brought out on my face. 21, 21, and 21 weirdly that Rasior won again having the higher valued cards then the rest. Playing on it seamed that luck was not on my side, 3:00 am the match continued and my luck streak shone. Showing that there was hope still in there for me. The last 2 grand; (last chance) to win something worth wile. I knew that I had to get a blackjack or I would loose the game, the first card was a jack then while turning over the second card life seemed to stand still gradually it was all over. 6:00am time for my early morning run. Swiftly the phone rang when I was out shutting the door. I abscond towards the phone. I picked it up and started talking. Again there was no- one on the other end of there phone. Leaping through the window 5-8 black figures encompassed me. Looking at my self on the floor some red liquid substance pouring out of me†¦ How to cite Straying to the roulette table I saw a man with a long black coat advanced towards me, Papers

Strain Controlled Triaxial Test- Geotechnical Engineering free essay sample

1. INTRODUCTION From civil engineering view, Soil is the medium through which the structural loads are transferred safely and efficiently. Soil should be consistent enough to satisfy the requirements even under inevitable circumstances like earthquake, bomb reactions etc. It is necessary to incorporate the seismic effects into the soil properties. Like concrete or steel, engineering properties of soil cannot be found out using theory of classical dynamics and vibrations. It can be found only field and lab tests. To quench the above requirement, various techniques are employed nowadays. The most common methods are cyclic simple shear, cyclic triaxial shear and cyclic torsional shear tests. The dynamic triaxial test is the most effective method to arrive the static and dynamic properties of soil like cyclic deformation, damping ratio, liquefaction strength etc. Though it has some limitations, it is widely used for the analysis of soil under seismic forces. The fundamental parameters obtained from this test are cyclic shear stress and cyclic shear strain, through which the soil is defined. We will write a custom essay sample on Strain Controlled Triaxial Test- Geotechnical Engineering or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The tests can be done either by stress controlled (cyclic shear stress) or strain controlled (cyclic shear strain). The test setups are highly sophisticated and costly. It needs highly skilled labour. The measuring devices used in the system needs to be calibrated and sealed properly as it is more sensitive to disturbances. The results obtained reflect the site seismic condition to the maximum level provided the strain level is kept minimum. Fig 1. 1 Triaxial Cell Fig 1. 2. A typical Cyclic triaxial apparatus 1. 1WHY DYNAMIC TRIAXIAL The Dynamic forces are time dependent and are usually cyclic in nature i. e. they involve several cycles of loading, unloading and reloading. Earthquake is three dimensional in nature. Hence the shear waves and body waves produced by the earthquake tend to deform the soil in all the directions (for the horizontal level ground). Dynamic Triaxial tests actually reflect the soil condition (in all round stresses) in the site. During earthquakes, the seismic waves cause the loose sand to contract and thereby increasing the pore water pressure. Under undrained loading, development of high pore pressure results in upward flow of water, thereby making the sand in liquefied condition. Pore water pressure is measured effectively in triaxial tests. Among the stress-control and strain-control condition, strain control is adopted widely. This is because; stress-control test has great sensitivity to the sample disturbance. In case of strain-control, pore pressure developed during tests is less affected by specimen fabric and density. The tests can be done on intact specimens and reconstituted specimens. While comparing the results obtained from intact and reconstituted specimens, there is much deviation in stress-control compared to strain-control. (tests done by vucetic and dobry, in 1988). Stress path control is used in the study of path dependence of soil behaviour. Stress deformation and strength characteristics depend on initial static stress field, initial void ratio, pulsating stress level and the frequency of loading. 1. 2APPLICATIONS There are variety of engineering problems which rely heavily on the behaviour of soils under dynamic conditions. These includes design and the remediation Of machine foundation, geotechnical earthquake engineering, protection against construction vibration, non-destructive characterization of the subsurface, design of offshore structures, screening of rail and traffic induced vibrations, vibration isolation etc. When it comes to dynamic triaxial test, the wide range of application is the liquefaction behaviour of soil under seismic forces. 2. HISTORY One of the first pieces of equipment designed to test cyclic triaxial loading was the pendulum loading apparatus by Casagrande and Shannon in 1949. This utilizes the energy of the a pendulum which when released from a selected height, strikes a spring connected to the piston rod of a hydraulic cylinder, this cylinder is further connected to another cylinder located above the cel. The time of loading was between 0. 05 and 0. 01 sec. Fig. 2. 1. Pendulum Loading Apparatus Casagrande and Shannon came up with an equipment called Falling Beam Apparatus as shown in Fig. 2. 2 In 1960, Sead and fead used Pneumatic System for cyclic loading. It marks the evolution of the dynamic triaxial shear apparatus. Fig. 2. 2. Falling Beam Apparatus 3. PRINCIPLE First attempt was made by Seed and Lee (1966) by consolidating a saturated sample under a confining pressure and subjected to constant amplitude cyclic axial stress under undrained conditions. This test was performed till they deformed to a certain amount of peak axial strain. Under this condition creates a stress conditions on a plane of 45 ° through the sample which is the same as those produced on the horizontal plane in the ground during earthquakes. This is the basis on which the cyclic triaxial test works. Fig. 3. 1. Simulation of geostatic and cyclic stress in triaxial test. Shear stress is taken into account as it causes deformation. To incorporate seismic effects, uniform shear stress for a given cycle is adopted for non-uniform stress time data. To achieve that a maximum shear stress is multiplied by a correction factor ?. Then the test is carried out till required deformation or failure to occur. 4. EQUIPMENT 4. 1. Parts of Dynamic triaxial apparatus suggested by ASTM D 3999 – 91(2003) APPARATUSPURPOSECONSIDERATION 1. Triaxial Pressure CellTo mount sample and conduct testTolerance for piston, top platen low friction piston seal. Ball bearings and friction sealTo minimise frictionFriction can be,  ±2 % of the maximum single amplitude cyclic load Load rodTo facilitate loadingdia = 1/6th of specimen dia Specimen cap BaseTo provide a sealed platform Rigid, non corrosive, impermeable, Cap weight 0. 5% of applied axial failure load (static), Valves To regulate back pressure, cell pressure, pore water pressureLeak-proof, withstand applied pressure Top and bottom platensTo facilitate loading and provide a rigid baseProper alignment, load rod sealed with top platen with friction seal. 2. Cyclic Loading EquipmentTo induce cyclic loads Uniform sine wave @ 0. 1 to 2 Hz, simple ram or a closed loop electro hydraulic system 3. Recording EquipmentsTo record the data obtainedProperly calibrated Load MeasurementTo measure the cyclic loadsElectrical, analog or digital Axial deformation MeasurementTo measure the strain rateLVDT or dial guages Pressure ControlTo regulate cell pressureMercury or pneumatic device Pore Pressure transducerTo measure pore pressureTransducers or electronic pressure meters Volume change MeasurementTo check the volume change in the specimenCalibrated and widely used guages 3. Miscellaneous a. Rubber membrane b. Filter paper To hold the specimen To facilitate saturation Leak-proof with minimum restraint Must not cover more than 50% of the specimen. Fig. 4. 1. Schematic Diagram of a stain-controlled dynamic triaxial test 4. 2WORKING PROCEDURE The working mechanism mainly involves three phases a)Saturation phase:Initially the sand is sample saturated by applying cell and back pressure simultaneously. (cell pressure back pressure) b)Consolidation phase: during test, void ratio should be kept constant. It is obtained in this phase. Back pressure valve is closed. )Load Phase: Actual test begins here. Strain rate is fixed using gear system. Cyclic load is applied either using hydraulic or pneumatic type. Loads and corresponding strains are recorded at loading, unloading and reloading. Test is continued until the required strain or failure occurs. 5. RESULTS From the cyclic triaxial test, we can obtain various graphs for detailed analysis, †¢Load Vs Deforma tion †¢Deviatoric Stress Vs Time †¢Axial Strain (%) Vs Time †¢Excess Pore Pressure Vs Axial Strain (%) †¢Excess Pore Pressure Vs Time †¢Deviatoric Stress Vs Axial Strain (%) Fig. 5. 1. Axial load Vs. axial deformation From the hysteresis loop obtained, the dynamic Young’s modulus (Ed) can be calculated, from which shear modulus (G) can be calculated using poisson’s ratio ( µ). Damping factor (D) can also be calculated from the loop obtained. Shear Modulus, G = Ed / 2(1+ µ) Damping factor,D = Ai / 4? At Ai ? Area of Loop At ? Area of shaded portion 6. Discussions: Two series of undrained cyclic triaxial strain controlled tests were performed by Mladen Vucetic and Richardo Dobry, on two different Imperial Valley, California, silty sands which liquefied during an earthquake in 1981. Both intact and reconstituted specimens were tested. The cyclic shear strain is the fundamental parameter governing pore pressure buildup. The saturated deposit is composed of two layers: an upper, looser, sandy silt unit located between 2. 6 m and 3. 5 m depth, containing more fines (37%) (sand A), and the lower, loose to medium-dense sand unit located between 3. 5 m and 6. 8 m, containing less fines (25%) and (sand B). Selected plots of normalized cyclic shear stress, ? cy* = ? cy/? c„ and normalized residual pore pressure, u* = u/? c, versus number of uniform strain cycles, nc, up to nc = 30, are shown in Figs. 6. 1 and 4 for sands A and B, respectively, ? y above is the amplitude of cyclic shear stress acting on 45 ° planes within the specimen, with ? cy= ? dc/2 , where ? dc is the cyclic deviatoric stress amplitude, and u is the accumulated residual cychc pore pressure at the end of the pertinent strain cycle, derived from measurements at the point of the cycle at which the cyclic stress ? dc = ? cy = 0. Fig. 6. 1 Comparis on of results obtained on intact and reconstituted specimens of sand A The effect of sand fabric, that is, the difference between results obtained on reconstituted and intact specimens, is analyzed next for both sands A and B, with the help of Figs. . 1 and 6. 2. It can be readily noticed in these two figures that the residual pore pressures in cyclic triaxial strain-controlled tests are practically unaffected by the change of sand fabric (u* versus nc curves), while, on the contrary, soil stiffness is significantly affected (? cy* versus nc curves). This is especially noticeable in Fig. 6. 2. Fig. 6. 2 Comparison of results obtained on intact and reconstituted specimens of B. Fig. 6. 3 Residual pore pressure in reconstituted specimens of sands A and sand B It must also be noticed that the range of cyclic shear stresses measured at a given cyclic strain in Figs. . 1 and 6. 2, for the two sands and for the two types of specimen fabric, is quite wide, in contrast to the corresponding range of pore pressures in Fig. 6. 3, which is very narrow. This confirms once again that cyclic shear strain is the fundamental parameter governing pore pressure buildup, and that use of strain-controlled testing represents the most appropriate, as well as the most convenient, approach currently available for evaluation of seismic pore pressures and liquefaction of level ground sites. 7. FACTORS AFFECTING CYCLIC STRENGTH Effect of Confining Stress Critical void ratio is not a constant but decreases as confining pressure increases. The stress ratio decreases with increasing confining pressure. Effect of Loading Wave Form As the load data obtained from history are converted into uniform cycle by ?. The order of increasing strength was rectangular, triangular and sine Effects of Frequency on Cyclic Strength The frequency effects have only a minor ( 10 percent) effect on cyclic strength of the soils. The slower loading frequency have slightly higher strength. Effects of Relative Density At relative densities 50%, complete liquefaction occurred almost simultaneously, and relative densities above 70% were required for safety against large strains. Effects of size Gradation Well-graded material was somewhat weaker than uniformly graded material. This finding was attributed to a greater densification tendency in well-graded soils, as finer particles move into voids between larger particles, than occurs in uniformly graded soils. This densification tendency causes increased pore pressure. Effects of sampling on strain history Once a specimen has liquefied and reconsolidated to a denser structure, despite this densification, the specimen is much weaker to cyclic stresses reapplied. Effects of Over consolidation Ratio and Ko The maximum deviator stress required to cause a critical strain for a specified number of cycle’s increases with the Ko ratio. Also the cyclic strength increases as OCR and fines content increase. 8. VALIDATION The validation of the apparatus is done by successive tests, researcher’s experience and available equipments. Mladen vucetic and richardo dobry conducted two series (Intact and Reconstituted Specimens) of undrained cyclic triaxial tests on Imperial Valley, California, silty sands which liquefied during an earthquake in 1981. The results were compared and the experimental set up was validated. Further the tests were conducted on different types of sand and validated. 9. DEVELOPMENTS Since 1966, there has been a considerable improvements in the triaxial testing apparatus meeting results of higher accuracy and efficiency. Initially stress controlled methods were used, then strain controlled methods were adopted. To apply loads, initially hydraulic jack was used, then pneumatic system was used and then electro piezometer. Likewise there are so many advancements of triaxial tests. Some of the advancements are discussed below. Chan (1981), and Li et al (1988) Fig. 7. 1. , have developed a popular electro-pneumatic apparatus which incorporates many advancements in apparatus design and operation. Fig. 9. 1. Electro-pneumatic Apparatus Automated Cyclic Triaxial system is the next development, which is the most comonly used apparatus. It is well known for its automated input and output System, data acquisition and quick results. Fig. 9. 2. Automated Triaxial System 9. 1 RECENT ADVANCEMENTS GDS Entry level Dynamic triaxial testing system ?Technical Specifications ?Maximum Operating Frequency: 5Hz ?Minimum Operating Frequency: 0. 001Hz ?Highly accurate dynamic, electro-mechanical actuator ?Available sample sizes (depending on cell selection): 38 x 76mm (or ? 39. 1 x 78. 2mm) to ? 150 x 300mm. Fig. 9. 3. GDS ELD ? 16-Bit dynamic data logging ?16 Bit dynamic actuator control channel ?Cell pressure range to 2MPa (dependent of cell choice) ?Small laboratory foot print No hydraulic power pack required ?Standard Triaxial cells can be used (upgraded to dynamic seals and bearings) ? Can be upgraded to perform P and S wave bender element testing. ?Can be upgraded to perform unsaturated triaxial testing with the addition of the following items: a)Unsaturated pedestal with high air entry porous stone. b)1000cc digital air Pressure/volume controller (ADVDPC) for the applicatio n of pore air pressure and measurement of air volume change c)Optional HKUST double cell (available in the data sheet ‘Unsaturated Triaxial Testing of Soil (UNSAT). As well as dynamic triaxial tests, the ELDyn system can be utilised to carry out traditional triaxial tests such as UU, CU and CD as well as more advanced tests such as stress paths, K0 and Resilient Modulus tests. HS28. 610 cyclic triaxial test system is also a sophisticated apparatus available in Newdelhi (India). DYNATRIAX is another advanced cyclic triaxial equipment available at many places Los Angeles, Poland and many countries. It can operate at a maximum frequency of 10Hz. 10. CONCLUSION Many innovative systems for cyclic loading of soil have emerged in geotechnical engineering. Each system has its unique advantages and limitations. Some ways of minimizing these limitations have been pointed out. The advanced equipments are an additional tool for performing cyclic loading, in particular liquefaction testing. Extreme care must be used in preparing remoulded sand specimens, and special attention must be paid to testing techniques in order to obtain reproducible test results. In particular, the method of specimen preparation, the shape of the loading wave form, and the preciseness of density determinations greatly affect cyclic strength. Hence, development of ASTM standards for cyclic triaxial testing should include consideration of these factors in the results of this investigation. 11. REFERENCES: ASTM D 3999 Determination of Modulus and Damping Properties of Soils Using the Cyclic Triaxial Apparatus Advanced triaxial testing of soil and rock Page 484 by Robert T. Donaghe, Ronald C. Chaney, Marshall L. Silver Chan, C. K. , 1981, An Electropneumatic Cyclic Loading System, Geotechnical Testing Journal, ASTM, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 183-187. Dynamic Geotechnical Testing H Ronald J. Ebelhar, Vincent P. Drnevich, and Bruce L. Kutter. STP 1213 ASTM Publication Dynamic Geotechnical Testing : a symposium by Marshall L. Silver Khosla, V. K. and Singh, R. D. , Apparatus for Cyclic Stress Path Testing, Geoteehnical Testing Journal, GTJODJ, Vol. 6, No. 4, Dec. 1983, pp. t65-172. Fundamental of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering By Prasad. Soil Liquefaction, a critical state approach by Mike Jefferies Ken Been Kramer, Steven L. , Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996 Townsend, F. C, A Review of Factors Affecting Cyclic Triaxial Teste, Dynamic Geotechnical Testing, ASTM STP 654, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1978, pp. 356-383.