Resource Management Essay Example for Free

option Management EssayMattel is one the strongest manufacturers of toys in the world. It is the market leader in developing toys of highest international standards. But staying at the outgo is not easy for Mattel, as it is positioned in one of the most intensive natured markets in damage of competition. Mattel has over twenty-five thousand employees around the globe (Mattel, 2010). In fact, what makes Mattel No. 1 in the toy industry is its well trained and high skilled workforce. This paper will discuss the strategies practiceed to enhance the productiveness and skills of Mattel workforce. Question 1 The most important challenge for Mattel is to recognize and provide for the need of incorporate instruction. Development is an essential part of any organization. Mattels organic evolution programs were introduced by the CEO of the company. The first step was to develop broad based strategy. These victimization programs resulted in skilled and productive workforce. Secondly Mattel wished to integrate corporate culture, for which development facilitators met groups of 10 or 12 employees globally and supervised them how to implement the new culture.Mattel also introduced digital training centers, by which employees have access to to a greater extent than cc e-development courses. These measures have helped Mattel to convert its workforce as the most important assets of the company. As a result of all these actions, Mattels selection and recruitment strategies would likely mend and become more intense. The succession plan aims to retain HR talent, but as a result Mattels selection criterion would be more challenging.Apart from this, Mattel would wish to seek employees who are sociable and have good communication skills, as coordinated development efforts require employees from different departments to interact more. Further, Mattel might also judge the GK (General Knowledge), IQ (Intelligence Quotient) and EQ (Emotional Quotient) levels of new recruits as a part of enhanced selection strategy. (Mathis Jackson, 2008) Question 2 thither is no opportunity of the instance where the developmental efforts of Mattel would raise to some employees more than others.The rationale behind this is that the coordinated development efforts were aimed to work for all employees of the Mattel industry. Most employees of Mattel are related to manufacturing process, up to now if they work in different departments. Since majority employees work towards similar goal (manufacture highest quality toy), their mental and developmental processes would almost be the same. Furthermore, the developmental efforts and programs aim to work skilled and productive workforce does not involve technical training in manufacturing a toy, hence these processes are developed such as to appeal all Mattel employees equally.Lastly, Mattel has recently implemented an integrated corporate culture. This culture acts as a niche for the Mattel employees where they interact wi th other teams and seek to pursue coordinated development efforts. Thus Mattel employees can be defined as bees collectively working to produce honey. In such instances, these development efforts appeal all employees the same. (Bratton Gold, 2001) Question3 There can be several reasons for the Barbie girls group and Hot Wheels boys group not interacting with one another and working effectively together in the past.Firstly, Mattel requires its employees to feel the fury and become a part of what they manufacture. Hence, the Barbie girls group had all the instructions and manufacturing processes that coincided with Barbies feminine nature. While the Hot Wheels boys group reflected aggressive, daring and bold nature concepts in their manufacturing processes and instructions. Secondly, Barbie and Hot Wheels were brands of Mattel, and had different market segmentation and target markets. Hence the strategies designed to sell each brand was different and couldnt have been merged.Barbie was targeted at teenaged girls while Hot Wheels was targeted at teenage boys. Furthermore, the culture within which the employees of Hot Wheels and Barbie worked were completely different. There was nothing common in the cultural environment where both the brands were manufactured. (Montgomery, 1993) There are, however, several methods by which Mattel could reinforce the needs for these groups to work together. Firstly, the identity of both groups should be reinforced as a part of Mattel family rather than reprinting entities.Hence, the employees of both brands would realize that they are part of a Mattel family, and could interact with one another and share their secrets and strategies about skills, labor givement and employee dedication. Secondly, Mattel should more intensely implement a common corporate culture within the company which will create a common ground for Barbie and Hot Wheels manufacturers to work together. Thirdly, the need for coordinated development efforts sho uld be emphasized upon by promoting teamwork and interaction to achieve goals (Mathis Jackson, 2008).Furthermore, managers can also use succession plans for key positions. Thus they can use terms as Boys need Girls, and vice versa to emphasize the reality that both Hot Wheels (boys) and Barbie (girls) are equally important part of the company. Conclusion Mattel has developed several strategies and techniques to empower its employees. The development programs aims to improve skilled labor, and succession plans aim to retain human resource talent. If properly implemented, these strategies, along with the new corporate culture could enhance the exercise and efficiency of all employees.These methods would surely help Mattel to retain the No. 1 spot as market leader in toy manufacturing industry. References Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (2001). Human Resource Management Theory and Practice. 2nd EditionNew York Routledge Mathis, R. L. and Jackson, J. H. (2008). Human Resource Management. 12t h Edition. New York Cengage Learning Mattel (2010). Mattel Website. Accessed on August 23, 2010 from http//www. mattel. com/ Montgomery, B. P. (1993). Mattel, Inc. International Directory of Company Histories Vol. 7, pp. 304.

Leadership and Management Essay Example for Free

Leadership and Management EssayThe implementation of the perplexity of the dying(p) policy at the writers ara of practice involved the process of qualify. This involved the use of both hotshot and heed theories which are immanent to increased effectiveness as supported by Moiden (2002). The reposition was a political one due to the regime activity initiatives to improve end of life carry on (Department of Health 2008). Antrobus (2003) states that political leaders aim to deliver improved health care outcomes for patients. The essay will critically learn both leadership and management theories from the top of the organization to the bottom. These theories were used to implement this change to enhance forest care in this clinical area. The essay will in any case critically analyze and evaluate the nurses self management skills in fulfilling their role as clinical managers within interdisciplinary and the changing context of the healthcare.Similarly, the essay will d iscuss the implications upon eccentric assurance and resource allocation for service delivery within the health care sector. These will be related to current government strategies. The effects of government strategies in involving the user and carer or signifi potfult others in decision making process within current clinical and legal frameworks (Department of Health 2000b) will also be debated. Similar debate will also be on the nurses involvement in policy making (Antrobus 2003). Further discussion on government strategies will be discussed on the introduction of clinical boldness and essence of care. Braine (2006) states that the purpose of implementing change is to improve effectiveness and character reference. The whole process of change was base on the introduction of the care of the dying booklet which meant that all healthcare passkey documented their notes in the same booklet.The change took place in a large hospital to implement a new policy which was politically dri ven by the government to improve lumber of care. Like or so hospital organizations, the hospital traditionally uses a bureaucratic management approach (Marquis and Huston 2006) reinforced with authoritarian leadership to facilitate efficiency and cost effective care. This is done finished planning, coordination, control of services, putting appropriate structures and systems in place and monitoring progress towards performance activities (Finkelman 2006 and Faugier and Woolnough 2002). According to Marquis and Huston (2006) bureaucracy was introduced after Max Webers work to legalize and make rules and regulations for personnel to increase efficiency.The ward manager as a change agent had to design and plan the process of change. conception change involved understanding the purpose of change and gathering data as supported by Glower (2002). Planning included identifying driving forces and ship canal to reduce restraining forces (Glower 2002). Unlike the top management who used b ureaucratic management scheme, the ward manager applied the compassionate relations management theory (Marquis and Huston 2006) at ward level. This management theory is designed to motivate employees to achieve excellence.The human relations theory was introduced in attempt to correct what was believed to be the shortcoming of bureaucratic theory which failed to include the human aspects (Marquis and Huston 2006). Often referred to as motivational theory, Lezon (2002) agrees that this theory views the employee in a different way and helps to understand people better compared to the tyrannical management theories of the past. It is based on theory Y of Douglas McGregors (1960) X and Y theories cited in (Lezon 2002). Theory Y assumes that people want to work, are responsible and self motivated, they want to succeed and they understand their position in the organization. possibly the appropriateness of this theory can be linked to the implementation of clinical governance which em phasizes that it is the responsibility of health care professionals to ensure effectiveness, high standards and quality (Braine 2006).This puts health care professionals in a responsible position and motivates them to provide high quality care. This explains wherefore theory Y was used as opposed to theory X which according to Lezon (2002) assumes that people are lazy, unmotivated and require discipline. According to the human relations theory, thither are some positive management actions that lead to employee motivation thus improving performance (Marquis and Huston 2000). Some of these actions used by the change agent were em force outing and allowing employees to make independent decisions as they could handle, training and developing, increasing freedom, sharing big picture objectives, treating employees as if work is natural and other ways of incite staff as supported by Marquis and Huston (2006 and Lezon 2002).The use of human relations theory in the implementation of this p olicy is well justified in contrast to other management theories. For example, theory X presumes that people must be coerced, controlled, order and threatened with punishment (Lezon 2002). This theory adds that an average person has ingrained dislike of work and prefers to avoid responsibility (Marquis and Huston 2006). In other words, theory X prefers autocratic mien while theory Y prefers participative style. Managers using theory y seek to enhance the employees capacity to exercise high levels of imagination, ingenuity and creativity solving organizational problems. With the human relations theory, members feel particular(prenominal) and involved quite a than being controlled by threats and sanctions from the change agent (Dowding and Barr 2002).The group of health care professionals was aiming to achieve the same goal. This goal was to provide high quality care to patients approaching end of life. This involved a lot of organizational psychology and motivation to facilitat e effective teamwork. Among the factors that facilitate effective teamwork, leadership is the most significant as stated by Clegg (2000). Toofany (2005) supports that leadership is on governments modernization agenda for the National Health Service and is an influencing factor. Therefore, the change agent needed equally effective leadership style. To facilitate this, she applied the transformational leadership style.Markhan (1998) cited in Clegg (2000) defines transformational leadership style as a collaborative, consultive and consensus seeking. These are the same characteristics of the leadership style used by the change agent. Contrary to this leadership style is the transactional leadership style which is based on power of organizational position and authority to reward and punish performance (Moiden 2002). Based on Rosner (1990)s research, Clegg (2000) states that gender affects leadership style and women prefer transformational style. Perhaps this explains why the change agen t chose this style for this particular change.As in any form of change process, resistance, which falls under the unfreezing stage of Lewins (1951) cited in Murphy (2006) change theory is one of the common obstacles that needed to be dealt with (Curtis and White 2002). By inspiring a shared sight within the team (McGuire and Kennerly 2006) the change agent managed to increase driving forces and reduce resisting forces at the same time. Clegg (2000) values vision as a very important agent of transformational leadership, adding that it should be engaging and inspiring.Transformational leadership was first put forward by James Burns (1978) cited in Marquis and Huston (2006). According to him, a relationship of coarse stimulation and elevation converts pursuit into leaders, a fact shared by Murphy (2005). If a leader can stimulate followers, he or she can engage followers into a problem solving attitude (McGuire and Kennerly 2006). In addition, people engage together in a way that a llows leaders and followers to raise each other to higher levels of motivation and morality (Marquis and Huston 2006). This approach emphasizes on the leaders ability to motivate, coach and empower the followers rather than control their behaviors (McGuire and Kennerly 2006). Moiden (2002) states that this style is widely used in all types of organizations in dealing with change.Frequently, it is contrasted with transactional leadership which is a traditional way in which followers committedness is gained on the basis of exchange of reward, pay and security in return of reliable work (Mullins 2002). However McGuire and Kennerly (2006) state that if transactional leadership is predominantly used, followers are likely to place limits to organizational commitment and behave in a way only aimed at contract requirements. Despite the differences in various leadership styles, most researchers conclude that there is no one leadership style that is right for all circumstances (Reynolds and Rogers 2003). Fidler (1967) cited in Moiden (2002) agrees that a single leadership style is rarely practiced. Therefore situational theories were introduced in order to deal with various situations.Perhaps this is why the leader used the situational approach to leadership in order to tinct the demands of different situations, an idea also shared by Marquis and Huston (2000). Reynolds and Rogers (2003) suggest that the effectiveness of day to day activities depends on balancing between the task at hand and human relations to meet everyones needs. Different competence levels, motivation levels and commitment levels of staff on this clinical area justify why a situational approach was used in conjunction with transformational leadership style. Reynolds and Rogers (2003) support that situations like this require the leader to adapt their style. However, they warn that it is important to know when to lead from the front, when to empower and when to let go. This situational approach enab led the leader to work on followers strength and weaknesses.Moreover, Reynolds and Rogers (2003) warn that it is not always easy to find leadership styles that rooms the needs of every situation and not everything falls into place from the beginning. Marquis and Huston (2000) criticize that situational theory concentrate too much on situation and revolve around less on interpersonal factors. Support was given to followers according their needs. Supportive behavior, as supported by Reynolds and Rogers (2003) helps people to feel comfortable in their situations. This was facilitated by the use of a two way communication system which involved listening, praising, asking for help and problem solving.Consequently, as performance improved, the leaders supportive behavior shifted to delegation. Delegation was mostly directed to staff with high competences, commitments and motivation. Reynolds and Rogers (2003) support that the style of leadership alters as performance improves from direc ting to coaching to living to delegation. Basing on research studies, Reynolds and Rogers (2003) warns that using different approaches to different staff can practically difficult in terms of developing the whole group as well as maintaining fairness. This further exposes the limitations of situational approach.Nevertheless, it is equally important to assess followers capabilities and developmental needs so this explains the relevance of situational approach to this clinical area. The delegation was directed to some members of the team while others still wanted to be directed. In addition, this was because of the leaders trust in people, working to their strength and sharing the vision as supported by Kane-Urrabazo (2006). Delegation is defined as transferring responsibility of an activity to another individual and still remain accountable (Sullivan and Decker 2005).Davidson et al (1999) heed that critical thinking and sound decision making must be applied before delegating becaus e it increases rather than decrease nurses responsibility. They clarify that to ensure unspoiled outcome, delegation must be the right task, right circumstances, right person, right instructions and right supervision. Pearce (2006) shares the same thoughts and adds that you must be clear about what you delegate, assert other members, monitor performance, give feedback and evaluate the experience while remembering that you remain accountable. However, Kane-Urrabazo (2006) and Taylor (2007) argue that delegation is another way of empowering the subordinates.However, like every team going through the process of change, problems arose and were brightend as they came. Apart from dealing with problems like resistance and lack of resources, there was an even bigger problem of interdisciplinary working for both the change agent and the subordinates. Although this policy was predominantly nurse orientated, it needed authorization by a doctor in order for a patient to be commenced on care of the dying pathway.Whether inside or outside health care, interdisciplinary working was introduced with the same concerns of improving quality (Hewison 2004). interdisciplinary working has been emphasized by a number of government initiatives (Martin 2006b), more recently the NHS Plan (Department of Health 2000a). To ensure the demand for interdisciplinary working is met, there has been a lot of emphasis on professional education and training. Effective interdisciplinary working is meant to facilitate delivery of quality services and is fundamental to conquest of clinical governance (Braine 2006). However, Hewison (2004) argues that there is little evidence to support the effectiveness of interdisciplinary working. There is also insufficient evidence to support that collaboration improves quality of care given to patients (Hewison 2004).Nevertheless, if interdisciplinary working is to be achieved it is important to appreciate the potential barriers to this type of working. In thi s particular organization there were some barriers that keep interdisciplinary working. These barriers needed problem solving skills from both the change agent and the nurses. In many cases there were some disagreements between nurses and doctors as to when to commence the care of the dying pathway for a patient. Although the policy was self explanatory in terms of when to commence it, doctors were often reluctant to authorize it.Hewison (2004) states that occupational status, occupational knowledge, devotion and distrust of other occupational groups are some of the barriers to effective interdisciplinary working. Additionally, different backgrounds, training, remuneration, culture and language can contribute to professional barriers, mistrust, misunderstanding and disagreements (Hewison 2004). To solve this problem the change agent and senior members of the medical team held regular meetings to discuss problems like this. This way of problem solving is well recommended by Hewison (2004) who explains that if interdisciplinary working is to be successful, structures and procedures should be in place to support it.This is a way in which organization reflects emphasis on teams rather than individual professional groups. Hewison (2004) adds that if this is reinforced with communication between managers and other professional groups, it is likely to be successful. Perhaps in future interdisciplinary learning may be undeniable to overcome some of the barriers to interdisciplinary working. Despite lack of evidence for its effectiveness, interdisciplinary learning has been identified as a government priority (Hewison 2004). Therefore carry programmes for health care professionals are important to facilitate this approach to learning.

Scanning The Environment Essay Example for Free

Scanning The Environment EssayBusiness organizations, especiall(a)y those transaction with particular industry must encounter situation where the success of their operations depend on both inner(a) and foreign factors. The situation suggests that it is useful to withdraw out an analysis that takes into account not only the companys internal factors but also external factors such as activities of the companys competitors and current industry situation as well.In many cases, the elaboration of internal and external environs of particular industry must be lucubrate by using business analysis tools that specifically discuss internal and external factors the businesses. Some common business analysis tools include Porters Five Forces, SWOT analysis, BCG Matrix, PESTLE analysis, Value Chain analysis, and many others. Some of them deal with both internal and external factors while others only address unmatchable of them.Concerning the analysis of internal and external factors in a n organization, this paper will develop strategic development of Airbus by using analysis of Strategic Factors, which is based on IFAS and EFAS factors. The others are strategic alternatives and recommended strategy, implementation, and evaluation and control of the recommendation.1.Analysis of Strategic FactorsThe strategic analysis on the Airbus includes all that en contiguouss a businesss marketing purpose. Business purlieu in this term can be described as the whole thing that enfolds in the Airbus system. With the intention of being successful, and as the players in the environment cannot be managed by the Airbus, the Airbus be obliged to observe the environment for transforms and incessantly become accustomed to them. The Airbuss environment can be separated into the micro environment and the macro environment (Introduction to Hot Topics in Marketing, 1999).In airline business industry, the analysis of strategic factors involves devil major issues they are capacity and feel ing. In terms of capacity, Airbus Company recognizes their strength and their competitive advantage the customer value the most.Meanwhile, regarding the quality factors, the airline continues practicing ethical standards and keeps honoring their commitments. The company is found to improve quality of services in order to delight customer, employee, and community satisfaction. Delighted customers are important elements of the companys success.To e specific, below is the specific elaboration of internal and external factors analysis that Airbus Company experiences.1.1.Internal Factors Analysis SummaryThe internal analysis illustrates factors/issues that impinge on The Airbus straightforwardly (Assessing the Micro-Environment, 2006), which can be elaborate through adjacent factors1.1.1.Organizational structureAirbus is managed by an Executive Committee led by President and Chief Executive Officer Christian Streiff and appointed by the Shareholders Committee, which consists of five mem bers from EADS and two from BAE Systems.Each member of the Executive Committee has responsibility to manage core functions and strategy in his field. There are four General Managers each has geographical responsibilities representing four countries where Airbus exists the countries are France, Germany, Spain and the UK, while the subsidiaries in China and Japan are each headed by a President and in North America by a Chairman.Currently, Airbus Company employs a hierarchical, ridged, and semi autocratic management style. Airbus Company must change their organization culture and structure in order to restrain and build on its worldwide dominate position as a major producer of commercial jet aircraft.1.1.2 CoordinationAirbus Company regards skills, strengths, and perspectives of their diverse team as the most import things to sustain the companys growth. Therefore, the airline continues encouraging an atmosphere that encourages employees to involve in decision making.In every way, Ai rbus Company is death penalty the strategy. Airbus Company is running healthy core businesses. They are experiencing strong growth in adjacent businesses such as aerospace services. Moreover, Airbus Company has exhibited that the company is well-prepared to concur stout decisions to make sure real leadership in the aerospace industry extensively to come.1.1.3. SupervisionPoor vertical and horizontal communications within the Airbus Company make employees feel separated from the staff management of the company. Grass battles restrain cross-functional and cross-divisional communication. Airbus Company has labor problems.1.1.4. TrainingAirbus Company realizes that their most important resource is their staffs. The staff is the slew who work and manage the companys products and service to the customers. That is why Airbus Company gives them the right combination of skills, training, communications, environment, and leadership. Beside Airbus Company provides a safe workplace and prot ects the environment, they also kick upstairs the health and well-being of the staffs and their families.1.2. External Factors Analysis SummaryThe external factors describe issues that a company like Airbus has a little influence but simulate the company severely. It includes universal tendencies and powers that possibly will not directly influence the links that Airbus has with their consumers, suppliers and mediators. Furthermore, Airbus separates the macro-environment into many sections, as the following1.2.1. Economical factorsOne major external factor is an aircraft manufacturer like Airbus is prone to the political and economical situation. According to a research and observation, it is found that airline companies growth has a very close connection to economic growth and trade, which in turn prevent airlines from buying new airplanes from Airbus and other aircraft manufacturers. For example the gulf war in 1990s has damped the airline industry as the war resulted worldwide economic recession. In the era, IATAs member airlines suffered $20.4 billion losses within 1990 to 1994 (The Airline Industry).The 9/11 tragedy has give the economy a significant down phase, especially the airline industry which has a direct involvement in the tragedy. Almost all airlines suffer losses during the following periods of the incident. Safety and security concerns have been major discussion topics on government bodies, business firms and common society in general.

Analysis Of Arden Of Faversham

Analysis Of Arden Of FavershamAs Arden of Faversham opens the audience is aware that the crime dramatised is a fait accompli thus the bulk of the play is suspended between the perspicacity of Ardens murder and its undeniable realization. Several failed attempts are made to murder Arden and again in mount xiii Arden escapes injury during his clash with Mosby. This extended deferment is crucial to the objectives of the play, permitting an exploration of both motives and character exploring tensions surrounding the essence of sexual union and reincarnation social structure, it demonstrates Alice as challenging the conventions of Elizabethan society through and through her standpoint on marriage and organized religion and points to Arden as contradicting perceived male roles.Alice begins her seduction employing the language of lovers thou and thee emphasis the intimacy of marriage in Alices first question Couldst thou not go to us friendly smile on thee? The adjective, simultaneously , an ironic clue to Alice and Mosbys true intentions. Continuing with her strategy of interrogation Alice poses several rhetorical questions, diverting attention from her throw indiscretion, to accuse Arden of imprudence and mistrust Hast thou not lately found me over-kind? / Didst thou not hear me cry they murder thee? / Called I not help to get dressed my husband free? The manipulation of sentence structure is reflective of Alices intensions the pleonasm over-kind testament to Alices efforts to appease Arden whilst at the same time suggestive of the charade she is playing. The culminating rhyme couplet lays emphasis to both her attempt to engender Ardens trust and the link between her lack of sexual freedom and Arden. Confirming her disloyal nature, Alice is willing to pass on Arden to see Mosby, Shakebag and BlackWill as treacherous whilst she protests her innocence. The power dynamic at play here is reminiscent of the exchange between Alice and Mosby in prospect 1 describe 175 225 Alice cunning and manipulative works to dominate.Alices duplicity, both chilling and enthralling at the same time, is promote enhanced by the fact that Alices role would aim been played by a boy on the Elizabethan stage a reflection on how women were often presented by playwrights of the time. Lines 108 -111, heavily accented through antithesis and anaphora, too emphasise this duplicityIf I be watchful, thou straightways thinks me lightIf sad, thou sayest the sullens trouble meIf well attrired, thou thinks I will be gaddingIf homely, I seem sluttish in thine eye.The parallel juxtaposition in each line allows Alice to present herself in a positive light as merry sad well attired and homely and then counter each declaration with an accusation that Arden regards her as light sullen gadding and sluttish. These are not accusations Arden has flabby against Alice that accusations Alice is charging him with making. The anaphoric repetition of the conjunctive marks the chaff inherent in Alices presentation of these two versions of herself antithesis emphasising the disparity between these two versions. Claiming that on that point is zipper she can do to change Ardens unjust opinion of her, Alice quick to play the victim, equates her life to a living ending, heavily emphasised through rhyme and synecdoche I seem sluttish in thine eye / Thus am I still, and shall be while I die, / Poor wench abused by thy misgovernment. heraldic bearing Arden of treating her as if she were of a lower social stand(a), Alice claims she is ill-treated and poorly presided over ending the line with the word she most wants to stress her misgovernment alluding to Ardens lack of trust as draw of the household and, read in a boarder context, her thoughts on marriage.Love is God and marriage is but words, Alices words in Scene 1 Line 101-102 confirm that she believes love to be of greater significance than marriage reinforced when she claims Oaths are words, and words is wi nd. One of the principally explored themes in Arden of Faversham is the Renaissance perception of marriage. Alice likens her role as wife to that of slave Henceforth Ill be thy slave, no more thy wife. Syntactic placement and rhythm lay further emphasis on the metaphor. The rhetoric of slavery is further expounded in line 105 the Paronomasia emphasising the imagery of a chain and Alice as enslaved by Arden. Alices exclaiming here marks a tonal shift, her strategy changes from persuading Arden to doubt himself to a dramatic passionate outburst when she exclaims No, ears and all were witched. Ah me accursed, / To link in liking with a frantic man Alices protestations are further embellished with an analogy to witchcraft, the syntax accursed at the end of the line emphasising Alices claim that she is cursed and chained, alliteration laying decoct on her enslavement to a frantic man whos senses (ears) are bewitched. As Alice becomes more passionate so Arden becomes more compliant. Al literation and rhythm stress the irony in line 107 For with that name I never shall content thee. On the ane hand Alice claims Arden will never be content with her as a wife because what he really wants is a slave, but Alice too will never be content as long as she shares Ardens name.Alices challenge to marriage can be expounded to include Elizabethan ideology, a world view suspended from a strict social structure monarch as head of state husband as head of the household. In Elizabethan England, to kill ones husband was a political crime it struck to heart of Renaissance political orientation and questioned the Elizabethan patriarchal dominant configuration. Alices appeal to a need for sexual freedom is central to her motivation as upheld by her words in Scene 1 Line 274-276 But Mosbys love. / Might I without control / Enjoy thee still, then Arden should not die. On some level Alice holds not only Arden but Elizabethan society at large responsible for her transgressions if she we re not bound by a loveless marriage she would not be false, manipulative and murderous. In some respects this two reflects the idea that Arden is in some sense to blame for his own death.Alices response to Arden in line 116 The heavens can aver of our harmless thoughts would have been considered blasphemous by an Elizabethan audience. Again alliteration draws attention to Alices reference to heaven, and since the audience is aware of her falsehood also to her lack of venerate for all that the concept signifies challenging ideas of providence.Challenges to the existing social order recur as a predominant thread throughout the play. An Elizabethan mans social standing could be influenced by his wifes chastity and sexual integrity in light of this Arden would have been viewed as a Cuckold implying public scandal and raising perturb social and political intimation. Arden appears to be a fundamentally conflicted character as on the one hand he appears to be a naive cuckold, whilst on t he other he is described as a man of affairs, worldly and proficient. Unremittingly ambitious, Arden is arrogant and regards his social standing above Mosby as proof that he is the expose man. It is Mosbys taunting of Ardens horns which sparks the violent altercation immediately preceding this extract. Ardens motives speak to his true feelings for Alice Arden does not fight Mosby to retain Alice, but rather to protect his social standing lending justification to Alices notion of a loveless marriage. In this light Arden is show as both victim and villain. Ardens response to Alices accusations is as Alice intended it to be, he doubts himself But is it for truth that neither thou nor he / Intendedst malice in your misdemeanour? Alliteration highlights the contrast between malice and misdemeanour again there is the sense of weighing up the situation. Arden is convinced by Alices ploy thereby confirming his Cuckoldry and apparent gullibility in the face of his wifes affair with Mosby. Arden would be seen by an Elizabethan viewer as relinquishing appropriate control of his household thereby committing a disloyalty to the conventional notion of masculine status and undermining social parameters. Ardens complacency raises questions as to his motives for assuaging Alice, appeasing her for the sake of her social standing and wealth, a consequence of his ambition and materialism. Alice describes Arden as frantic a man distracted by perception might Alice here be referring not only to Ardens suspicions but also to his pursuit of materialism?Ardens situation is summed up in more ways than one in lines 117 -120. He implores Alice to pardon him and, stressed by alliteration, to forgive and forget his fault. Ironically his fault is not in accusing Alice but in absolvitory her. He goes even further to suggest that Alice Impose me self-mortification, and I will perform it, once more highlighted through alliteration Alice plans to extract the ultimate penance from Arden, the irony further developed in lines 120-122, accentuated through the triplex For in thy discontent I find a death, / A death tormenting more than death itself. It is precisely Ardens complacence and Alices discontent and that will lead to his death.

The Evolution Of English Through Time English Language Essay

The Evolution Of side Through Time side of meat Language hearIn the beginning, life was simple and life hurls were non-complex. Communication between these life forms was to a fault simple, spoken communication and talking tos did not exist. As life evolved, and Homo sapiens began roaming the Earth, the need for spoken communication became necessary and languages were born. Join me in an exploration of how the side of meat language came to be, and how it has evolved over time.. The Roman Empire controlled England for centuries however, by the early 400s the Irish, Britons, and Anglo Saxons invaded and began remittal England for themselves. Though each of these tribes had their own language, their vernaculars were close enough for them to understand each other. The language that developed from this inter-twining of tribes became known as Anglo-Saxon or elder incline. Later, during the 800s, with the reach of the Vikings, two things happened to this Old side language. The firs t was that more another(prenominal) Old Norse rowing were added, and the second, was the complex conjugations began to decline as people disagreed about which ones to use. The alphabet of the Old English language did not use the letters k, q, v, x or z, and the pronunciations of some of the letters changed depending upon what letters were near them. Vowels were easy with the short vowels a, e, i, o world pronounced pretty much the same, as they are today, the exception was the vowel u, and its pronunciation was more wish well the pronunciation of the word book today. The long vowels were much marked with an accent mark and subscribe a completely different pronunciation from the long vowels sounds we recognize today. Along with short and long vowels, the Old English language included three double vowels, each with short and long variates.In 1066, the French-Normans under the rule of William the Conqueror invaded England bringing political change and their French-Norse langua ge, which they make the official language of the monarchy and elite. However, due to the daily need to communicate with the English peasant class, the common language became English. Prior to the Norman invasion, Latin had provided a minor influence on the English language, alone by and bywards there was an influx of Anglo-Norman talking to added to the English language. There was a split between pilot burner Germanic terminology used by the common class and the Norman words used by the elite for everyday items. bang and cow are an example of the split in words used by the elite versus the peasants, as beef was often eaten by the elite, while cows were tended by the peasants. Beef has its roots in Anglo-Norman while cow deducts from Germanic roots. Many legal terms are also derived from Anglo-Norman roots because the Normans ran the courts. roughtimes, French words replaced Old English words completely, while other times French and Old English combined creating new words. I t is important to understand that Middle English was not the only language spoken during this period in England Scots, Cornish and Welsh were also spoken and differ from Middle English. This accounts for the significant differences in dialects from each of the above areas versus the dialect spoken in London. Sometime in the 12th century, the French Influence in England began to fade and a number of writers began writing in the vernacular language rather than French, Latin or Greek. The 14th century produced the most notable vernacular writer of the time, Geoffrey Chaucer the author of The Canterbury Tales. Since then, the English language has been absorbing vocabulary from many languages around the world. English steadily adds the creation of new words and new uses for old words by the sub-cultures of the English-speaking world.Until the 16th century, French remained to be the literary language and Latin the scholarly language of Europe. The evolution of Middle English into Early Mo dern English began during the Renaissance in the 16th century when a renewed interest in education sparked across England and most of Europe. As a result of the growing interest in the writings of antiquity many Latin and Greek words were introduced into the English language. Along with the introduction of new words into the English language a shift of vowels, changes to some consonants and grammar were also office of the evolution of English at this time. As more literary works began to be written, the need for the stabilizing the spelling of words became important. One of the earliest attempts at stabilizing the spelling of words came in 1582 with the book Elementarie, by Richard Mulcaster. Some of the principles he established include the removal of all unnecessary letters, adding letters to words to indicate correct pronunciation and the use of a final silent e to mark long vowels distinguishing them from short vowels. Mulcaster also established other principles, but these thre e are the most significant. Many spelling concepts within the English language exist simply because some Norman scribe first spelled an English word using the phonetic principles of his own native language. From the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, the spelling conventions for many words in the English language guide been determined by referring to their original forms as a guide resulting in an unusual combination of old and modern practices. Many of the spellings, including the silent letters of words that we use today were established in the first printed books, and have remained that way because it would have been unfeasible to change printed textual matters after distribution. By the 17th century, it became abundantly catch that assistance was required for writers to gain a clear understanding of the meanings of words and their spelling. One of the first books to offer such assistance was A Table Alphabeticall, produce in 1604 by Robert Cawdrey. It was intended t o only define difficult and unusual words in the English language that were derived from the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, or French languages. This book contained nigh 2500 words with an interpretation of the meaning. The first book to actually call itself a dictionary though, was The English Dictionarie published in 1623 by Henry Cockeram. This book was a two part work claiming to be able to not only help readers with the understanding of the difficult to understand writings of some authors, but also to attain speedily an elegant stainlession of the English tongue in reading, writing and speaking. The first part of Cockerams book contained brief definitions of words that may have been important to the 17th century elite who may have wanted to leave an educated impression on those they spoke with. Many of his words, were ambiguous contrivances cobbled unitedly from bits and pieces of Latin, and were therefore amusingly inventive however lacked clear understanding. While the second part of his book reversed the process, listing everyday words, following them with his inventive version of meanings meant to show people how to turn simple statements into more impressive complicated ones. Fortunately, this allure to the obscure finally ended.The 18th century once again brought changes to the English language. These evolutionary changes were brought on by two major events the first was the ascent of the British Empire and the British Industrial Revolution. The ascent of the British Empire introduced the English language to the world and the new discoveries in the industrial and scientific fields introduced new words into the English language. The classic languages did not support words like oxygen, nuclear, protein or vaccine, therefore Late Modern English relied heavily on Latin and Greek for the creation of these new words. Late Modern English is the form of English that has lasted through to the 21st century, continuing to add new words every few years, as generation s of people start using them. A perfect example of 21st century evolution in English today, is the use of SMS language to replace complete words while using the newest technology of cellular phones and computer chat rooms in the internet. SMS English is the use of acronyms to state either a whole word or a grouping of words to relay a message. It is a form of the English language that was used during the time of the telegraph, and although using it to relay a message within a text message may be faster and easier, it does not follow any standard rules for grammar or spelling or even which acronyms are word specific. Some have claimed that the use of SMS English is wrecking the English language, and from what I have heard and read in my college rhetoric classes, I tend to agree. However, with the addition of at least one SMS word in the English dictionary recently, it appears that the increased use of this dialect is at hand.What evolutionary change could be next after that of SMS? C ould the English language evolve from SMS to more technical forms like that of fax machines? Can you imagine walking into a classroom or down the street and listening to people use beeps and slurs to communicate? One thing we do know for sure is that change and evolution is inevitable, and the changes on the horizon will come just as we learn what OMG and LOL are meant to convey.

The Importance Of Software Engineering

The Importance Of Software EngineeringThe ticket distributor pull up stakes include a oppose dissemble for displaying instructions and inputting commands. The only other control will be a cancel button for aborting a transaction.The ticket distributor should be at most one and half meters t totally so that the traveler can easily operate the ticket distributor i.e. the traveler can easily introduce the request for the desired ticket and the money. If it is very tall it will be difficult to operate.So that the ticket distributor is available to the traveler at least(prenominal) 95% of the time. If one computer crashes the other twin can take over. Other than this two computer systems might also be used for dividing the tasks. angiotensin converting enzyme could manage the money transactions while the other one could take care of the GUI and providing the travelling options and the amount etc.This is because a touch screen system is more interactive and it also occupies less spac e. Plus all the functionality can be easily implemented using the touch screen so there is no requirement of a keypad or any such device.QuestionSpecify which of the following decisions were made during requirements or system introduction The ticket distributor is composed of a user interface subsystem, a subsystem for computing tariff, and a network subsystem managing communication with the central computer. The ticket distributor will use PowerPC processor chips. The ticket distributor provides the traveler with an on-line help.AnswerThis decision should be made during the system design process.This decision should also be made during the system design process.This decision is part of the requirements gathering process.QuestionA passenger aircraft is composed of several millions of individual parts and requires thousands of persons to assemble. A four-lane highway bridge is another example of complexity. The first version of Word for Windows, a word processor released by Microsof t in November 1989, required 55 person-years, resulted into 249,000 lines of solution code, and was delivered 4 years late. Aircraft and highway bridges are usually delivered on time and below budget, whereas software product is often not. Discuss what are, in your opinion, the differences between develop an aircraft, a bridge, and a word processor, which would cause this situation.AnswerAn aircraft or a bridge no matter how complex, are examples of physically tangible products. Software on the other hand is not physically tangible. Any such thing requires excessive brainstorming and thinking. In case of the above mentioned examples the residuum product that is an aircraft or a bridge is known while in case of software the customer and the creator are never too sure of the complete end product. During the course of development of software the requirements of the user might change. The user might want to increase or decrease the functionality. Other than this the creator has to th ink of all the aspects and scenarios in which the software will be used, which is not possible. All the possibilities can never be taken into account the developer can only come up with the most effective solution. And that solution might not be valid after sometime.SECTION BQuestionWhy Software Engineering is all important(predicate)? What is the role of SE in telecommunication and System engineering?AnswerSoftware engineering (SE) is the profession, practiced by software engineers, concerned with specifying, designing, developing and maintaining software applications by applying technologies and practices from computer science, project management, and other fields. SE technologies and practices improve the productivity of developers and the quality of the applications they create.Software engineering plays a major role being the sticker of software systems by applying technologies and practices not only technically from computer science and engineering, but also with management issues such as project management, plus the telecommunication and other fields.Reference wiki.answers.com, google.comSoftware engineering is the discipline of designing, writing, testing, implementing and maintaining software. It forms the basis of operational design and development of virtually all computer systems. The discipline extends to application software on personal computers, connectivity between computers, operating systems and includes software for micro-controllers, small computers enter in all types of electronic equipment. Without software engineering, computers would have no functionality. Although hardware is just as important, no software means no computers. It is a fundamental part of todays information systems and engineering and our lives would be very different without it.Reference essays.se, google.comImportance in Telecom IndustryIn the telecom industry mere hardware is never enough for the process of communication to take place. It works at its best when t he hardware is used to its fullest by using software along with it. In the telecom industry, software engineering is used right from the core of the communication network to the eyeshade most level. SE in telecom is used in the following three categoriesMobile applications and services implementation and development.Custom application development specifically for telecom operators.Custom embedded linux platform development for the functioning of servers, switching towers etc.Importance in Systems EngineeringSystems engineering include all sorts, shapes and sizes of communications systems, embedded systems, DSPs etc. SE is important not only for these systems to work but also for their design and development phases. SE is used for their functionality, maintenance, testing and execution. SE in systems engineering include the development and usage of the following productsFirmwareBSPDevice driversProtocol stacks etc.It also includes the application of leading embedded hardware and sof tware platforms such as VxWorks, Embedded Linux, pSOS, OSE, Win CE, XP Embedded, and diverse processors such as Intel, PPC, ARM, Freescale MPC and network processors.

Cuban Situation :: Cuba Politics Economy Economics Essays

Cuban SituationCuba needs cows. In January of 2004, a Cuban delegation visited Florida to bring down beef and dairy cows to repair Cubas languishing cattle industry. Moreover, under the auspices of the U.S. Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act in 2000, the joined States exported $350 million dollars worth of American agriculture products to its island neighbor in 2000 (Bussey 1). This budding trade relationship is symptomatic of a broader move by Cuba to fully re-insert itself in the global economy. Deprived of the protective cocoon of Soviet trade agreements and faced with economic crisis and stagnation, Cubas leaders have responded with limited economic reforms. It is clear, however, that Cuba will not emulate the rapid liberalization of much of Eastern Europe and Latin America. A brief review of Cubas economic performance since the fall of the Soviet confederation reveals a trend of liberalization bred of necessity. Nevertheless, the mixed performance of the Export -Processing Zones and the politicss grudging acceptance of tourism reveal a stress among Cubas need for foreign currency and direct foreign investment and a desire to insulate and preserve Cubas existing domestic apparatus. This tension underlies Cubas ongoing economic transition and has prevented wholesale market liberalization. Cubas future movement towards market reforms will be carefully managed by the Castro government to protect Cubas revolutionary legacy and to maintain control of political opposition. The fall of the Soviet Union devastated the Cuban economy. Cubas GDP contracted by 35-50% from 1989-1993 (LeoGrande quest 5). As a percentage of total Cuban trade, the Soviet Unions share fell from 66% in 1990 to 15% in 1994 (5). Moreover, Russia reneged on its oil agreement, and fitful exports caused energy shortages in Cuba. Production and consumption plummeted. From 1986-1991, Castro undertook a rectification campaign to stabilize the economy as the Soviet Union decreased its support and eventually collapsed. The plan focused on re-centralizing economic planning authority, dismantling the Soviet-sponsored socialist management system and market mechanisms, abolishing the free farmers markets launched in 1980, and combating rottenness (4). In addition, Castro tried to address the massive trade imbalance by reducing imports and reinvigorating the export sector. This program was a resounding failure. More domestic and far-reaching reforms were needed to save the economy from crisis. Economic disaster had erected a serious challenge to Cubas socialist program.In 1991, Castros announcement of a Special termination in a Time of Peace marked the beginning of Cubas new era of liberalization.