Common Slang Terms for Heroin

Common Slang Terms for Heroin Addiction Drug Use Heroin Print Common Slang Terms for Heroin By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on January 14, 2020 Diverse Images/UIG/Getty Images   More in Addiction Drug Use Heroin Cocaine Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In the culture surrounding illegal drugs, there are thousands of slang terms, nicknames and street names for every imaginable drug. Hundreds of those street terms are used for heroin, a highly addictive illegal drug.?? Slang terms for heroin are derived from a wide variety of sources, including the physical appearance and type of heroin; where its from; the effect it has on users; and how it is packaged for sale. Some street names for heroin are simply designed to cover up the topic of conversation and throw eavesdroppers off track. The Appearance of Heroin Some of the slang terms are based on the drugs appearance after it is cut and packaged for sale on the street. Some terms are based on the color of the drug and others on its composition. Black EagleBlack TarBlack PearlBrown CrystalBrown TapeBrown SugarBrown RhineDirtDieselGolden GirlOrange LineRed RockRed EagleRed ChickenSaltSpider BlueWhite StuffWhite NurseWhite JunkWhite StuffWhite NurseWhite Junk Place of Origin A few of the slang terms are derived from the supposed origin of the drug. Chinese RedMexican MudMexican Horse Effects of Heroin Many of the nicknames given to heroin over the years have to do with the effect it has on the user or the quality or pureness of the drug at the street level. Brain DamageDead on ArrivalHard StuffHard CandyHairyHell DustHoly TerrorJoy FlakesNice and EasyRush HourSweet Dreams Names Based on People and Characters Some of the most colorful street terms are the names of people or characters loosely associated with the drug or simply because their names start with the letter H. Sometimes, there seems to be no logic at all behind the nickname. Aunt HazelAl CaponeBatmanBart SimpsonBig HarryCharleyDooleyDr. FeelgoodGeorgeHarryHelenHazelHenryHombrePlutoRamboScottThe WitchThe Beast Terms Based on Packaging Some nicknames are based on how the drug is packaged by street-level dealers, either by the packagings appearance or cost. Big BagBlue BagBlue StarBrick GumNickel Deck Names Based on the Word Heroin Many of the slang terms are plays on the word heroin or are mispronunciations of the word. Others are used just because they begin with the letter H. Big HCapital HGalloping HorseHGood HorseGood HH CapsHayronHeroHeraHorse Names Based on Deception Like street terms for other illegal drugs, many of the slang terms for heroin are used for no other reason except they disguise the true topic of the conversation to others who might overhear. Some of these terms seem to have no other logical explanation. AriesAntifreezeBallotBig DoodigBozoBonitaBombs AwayBull DogFoilFerry DustLittle BoyNoiseReindeer DustScagSkagSmackTootsie Roll 5 Things Everyone Should Know About Heroin Addiction

Societal Factors Of Moral Panic - 1538 Words

It is easy to look back at the mid-twentieth century, and chalk up their moral â€Å"panics† to closeminded attitudes or just plain ignorance. Assuming this, however, is ignorant in itself. There are numerous societal factors that influence and encourage these moral panics regarding numerous issues, such as: alcohol use, sex work, and homosexuality. These societal factors include maintaining and reinforcing social hierarchy, increasing the power of the federal government, and establishing the â€Å"otherness† as well as the â€Å"right† between individuals. The first moral panic I want to consider is the craze over alcohol use. In class discussion as well as in the book Last Call, the prohibition against the sale of alcohol was analyzed and discussed.†¦show more content†¦At a convention of the National Retail Liquor Dealer’s Association, the president quoted, â€Å" Gentlemen, we need fear the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and the ba llot in the hands of women; therefore, gentlemen, fight woman suffrage† (Okrent 65). Many women realized that in order to push forth the suffrage movement, a strong counter measure was to act against the anti-prohibitionist. Basically, they wanted to push forth a movement that supported the issues that were important to them, and the prohibitionist did while the big liquor companies did not. For women, the â€Å"panic† was not n actual fear or moral dilemma but actually a way to gain support for and give power to the suffrage movement. Another point we discussed in class regarding Okrents work, was the role of the federal government. â€Å"The original Constitution and its first seventeen amendments limited the activities of government, not of citizens† (Okrent 3). Prior to the 18th amendment the constitution was molded around restricting the power of the government rather than restricting the citizens. As we discussed, this growing disdain for alcohol consumptio n meant that the government had to take a stance in order to prevent itself from looking weak on one or both sides of the argument. Though the 18th amendment itself may have come across as a direct response to a fear of alcohol consumption, it also expanded the power of the government as Okrent writes: â€Å"for the progressives it [passing the amendment] was anShow MoreRelatedThe Representation Of The Media1624 Words   |  7 Pagesthese youths were a distorted representation of the event since he was there at the time and saw little evidence of the violence they reported. The representation of the event by the newspapers led to public fear and a negative societal response from the people, government, and the police towards the youths of these subcultures. The newspapers made these subcultures more popular leading to the involvement of more young people in these subcultures, as they felt they had to identifyRead MoreThe Hiv/Aids Moral Panic. Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe HIV/AIDS moral panic. 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This essay will also analyse terrorism as a perceived deviance, the role of the moral entrepreneur and folk devil, in order toRead MoreExplanation to Crime and Deviancy Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pages True Crime or Moral Panic? Evaluate and apply sociological theories relating to crime and deviance Explanations of Crime and Deviancy Crime - an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law. Deviance-the fact or state of diverging from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior. Crime and deviance are seemingly effortlessly defined by the Oxford dictionary. However sociological prospectives have differing views on crime and the explanationsRead MoreGetting Away with Murder Aaron1464 Words   |  6 Pagesultimately rejected by the judge presiding over the case, is known as the homosexual-panic or gay-panic defense. 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A simple definition of deviance is behavior that does not conform to group-shared norms;Read MoreEssay on The Concept of Moral Panics1884 Words   |  8 PagesThe Concept of Moral Panics A moral panic is said to occur when the media mobilises public opinion around the condemnation of deviance (Media coverage of deviance: moral panics, lecture handout, 07-10-02). Deviance, in this context, refers to the violation of social norms and values, and the subsequent disruption of social order. This essay will begin with a clarification of the terms moral panic and deviance and outline how the two concepts

Euthanasi The Issue Of Euthanasia - 2130 Words

Sometimes in life, things don’t turn out how one may have planned. Accidents happen, people grow old, and people get sick. These different events are not always comfortable, and sometimes even cause one to want to end his or her life. In extreme cases, when a person’s quality of life is beyond toleration or they feel as though there is no point to living, the issue of euthanasia often arises. Euthanasia is technically defined as â€Å"the act or practice of killing someone who is very sick or injured in order to prevent any more suffering (Merriam 1). In America people should have the right to end their life if they chose. The right to life and the right to private and family life under the European convention on human rights should be interpreted broadly to include decisions about the topic of euthanasia is one that is highly disputed among people over the world.† Euthanasia means killing someone who is very sick to prevent more suffering† (Weaver 1). An example of this is â€Å"Terri Schiavo suffered severe brain damage following cardiac arrest in 1990. She entered what doctors call permanent vegetative state. In other words, a person seems to be awake but is not conscious. Ms.Schiavo’s husband and her parents fought about whether she should be kept alive by a feeding tube. The public and press argued over the issue as well. The case was so hotly debated that even then-President George W. Bush got involved. He signed a law aimed at keeping Ms. Schiavo alive. In 2005, MichaelShow MoreRelatedEuthanasi The Issue Of Euthanasia1427 Words   |  6 Pages Euthanasia: The main purpose of this essay is to focus on the controversy surrounding the issue of euthanasia and analyse the pros and cons arguments regarding euthanasia. This essay will aim to analyse in further details the complexity of the matter regarding euthanasia and will argue the pros and cons of euthanasia and will also debate the major impact that legalising euthanasia might have on the society, on the medical industry andRead MoreEuthanasi The Issue Of Euthanasia1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe question of euthanasia, also referred to as mercy killing, is among the most disputable topic on ethics in America. It refers to the intentional putting to death of a person with an incurable or painful disease intended as an act of mercy (Newhealthguide.org, 2016). Euthanasia is closely related to doctor assisted suicide. However, the two acts differ in that, euthanasia means injecting a terminally sick patient with lethal dose of a drug or withdrawing feeding tubes to let the patient die ofRead MoreEuthanasi The Issue Of Euthanasia Essay1780 Words   |  8 PagesEuthanasia is a debatable topic worldwide. Should people be allowed to decide when to terminate their own life? Some terminally ill patients want to be put out of their misery because there is nothing else a doctor or medicine can do for their condition. But others see euthanasia to be morally wrong. Suicide and Euthanasia have two very different meanings that reflect dying. Suicide is intentionally killing oneself because he or she does not want to continue on with life. Euthanasia can be definedRead MoreEuthanasi The Issue Of Legalizing Euthanasia1662 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Euthanasia Ata Dogan Student Sheridan College Abstract This paper examines how countries around the world have dealt with euthanasia as an upcoming issue. Looking into the stances, arguments and opinions surrounding the issue of legalizing Euthanasia. It goes into detail about why citizens are requesting legalization and also reviews who are the people specifically that chose to be euthanized. Furthermore, it discusses the negative stance and the positive outcomes of this issue over a person’sRead MoreEuthanasi The Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia1650 Words   |  7 PagesAdelaide students think about legalising voluntary euthanasia in Australia? Introduction The purpose of this research is to seeking and analysing the opinions about legalising voluntary euthanasia within Adelaide students (aged 18-25 years old). With recent changes to legalisation of child euthanasia in Belgium, the controversial issue of euthanasia is currently being re-spotlighted all over the world. Ongoing active discussion on the legalisation of euthanasia mainly debates individual’s choices in ending

Straying to the roulette table I saw a man with a long black coat advanced towards me Free Essays

Win! That’s the last thing I did. It was amazing! At the age of 24 I had the best run of anyone. It was Sunday 1st of January, it started with a crossword. We will write a custom essay sample on Straying to the roulette table I saw a man with a long black coat advanced towards me or any similar topic only for you Order Now Going through the questions; one had stomped me, the question was â€Å"† 6 letters down and I was clueless. Then scavenging for words â€Å"danger† was the one that stood out the most, I looked at it strangely. Wildly, the door bell rang. The few seconds that I was walking towards the door I wondered who could be here at this time, 5:00am on this frosty winter’s morning. Adrenalin rushed through my body. Slowly the door creaked open like one of those murder movie. Peering out of the door I saw with my first glance a man about the same age and size as me, then looking properly I gazed again no one was there. The giant of a door shut, turning I saw that a letter sluggish glided down towards the floor. The letter, it had nothing on it just at the back a wax, red, black eagle crescent holding the letter closed. Irresolute looking, my hand slowly shaking quavering went to open the letter excited and feeling miss lead by the figure at the door. My hands where on it, opening it when I was interrupted by the phone computer and mobile ringing at the same time. Picking up the phone no one was on the other end. The computer had an email â€Å"you are invited to an annual opening of the Royal Casino.† â€Å"You will be escorted there by your personal butler.† It didn’t hit me until I got over the email that, the shady figure at the door might be my butler. There was a 3 second pause in the house I thought â€Å"why was I invited to this casino if I was a nobody?† Feeling dizzy, I when to the kitchen to get a drink of water, filed 3/4 of a wine glass when realising that the letter was still in my hand. As if I was drunk I opened the letter saying†¦ The next day I woke up at about 5:31 a few seconds later the bell rang again. It was him. Looking at me with his deadly amber eyes it felt like he was peering through my very soul using some sort of supernatural powers. The butler asked me what my name was. My mouth was open for a few seconds thinking what to say before I said â€Å"Carlos.† â€Å"Sorry I couldn’t properly introduce myself yesterday in the morning† â€Å"my name is Earl† the voice was an extremely posh English accent; he probably came from a long line of high respected people. Suddenly a cold wind breeze shot down my spine making me wonder why I was going to this place I had hardly played in a casino before. â€Å"We will have to go in around 30 minutes† â€Å"we have a tight schedule.† Looking at my watch I started counting it was weird, my head didn’t feel right. Escorted to the car it felt like having my own 15 seconds of fame. It took us 32 minutes and a half to get there; when we reached our destination we had 3 guards outside escorting all of us in. The place was armed to the teeth with players. â€Å"Play what ever you want.† Ever player had there unique style of winning. Thinking to myself I didn’t know where should I start? Rubbing my hand quickly together, I started playing. Straying to the roulette table I saw a man with a long black coat advanced towards me. We both sat down to play, seemingly a ruthless game. Anticipating my every move he placed the money right on the jackpot. Undergoing this defeat I grow in strength raising the stakes declaring war on that man. Determine not to lose I placed a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000 bet on number 14 red. Lifting my hand of lead my eyes shone with light. Weirdly I became the centre of attraction putting à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100,000 smugly in my pocket. Steering up he gave me an impregnable look, smiled and walked off towards a man in a shadow. While examining more closely standing there amber eyed butler Earl was leaning on the wall and strangely doing nothing. Slowly I proceeded towards him, when his amber eyes tried to corrupt my vision. I stood tremendously and strutted on towards him. Contemptuously, he wanted to say that â€Å"a gentleman was really interested in me and had invited me to go to the VIP section to play a great game of blackjack.† I started to move towards them gradually my heart started to beat faster, going at the speed of a fighter jet. Walking on I started thinking what was with me that people have began to take interest with. The black coated man brought out a 10.5 inch pistol and directed it straight at my head. Unanticipated he plummeted towards the floor. Turning him round I saw a small dart hole in his chest, this could only be made by a blowgun. Thinking to my self I wondered why I was stressing over he killer (saving my life). I went over to the VIP zone amazed that no-one was disturbed by this. There was a tall; man sitting down on an expensive leather seat hand stitched to match the feelings of that person, a brown eyed man called Rasior me asking if I wanted to join in on the game of blackjack. Under shock I wondered if this sort of fiasco would happen again with these sorts of people. The dealer deals the cards and feeling lucky I causally looked at the cards, the 10 of hearts and clubs. I then raised the money to a substantial amount. We all open our hands and I had 20, the rest had 21, the winning number. Gasping for breath I shook my head placed a bet and played again. My loss in confidence might have had a big effect on me. While dealing I hoped I would have better cards this time round. 3 of clubs and 8 of spades; I asked for one more, king of spades. Adding them, a small smirk shone upon my face. 21! Watching them turn over the cards, a wave of sweat was brought out on my face. 21, 21, and 21 weirdly that Rasior won again having the higher valued cards then the rest. Playing on it seamed that luck was not on my side, 3:00 am the match continued and my luck streak shone. Showing that there was hope still in there for me. The last 2 grand; (last chance) to win something worth wile. I knew that I had to get a blackjack or I would loose the game, the first card was a jack then while turning over the second card life seemed to stand still gradually it was all over. 6:00am time for my early morning run. Swiftly the phone rang when I was out shutting the door. I abscond towards the phone. I picked it up and started talking. Again there was no- one on the other end of there phone. Leaping through the window 5-8 black figures encompassed me. Looking at my self on the floor some red liquid substance pouring out of me†¦ How to cite Straying to the roulette table I saw a man with a long black coat advanced towards me, Papers

Strain Controlled Triaxial Test- Geotechnical Engineering free essay sample

1. INTRODUCTION From civil engineering view, Soil is the medium through which the structural loads are transferred safely and efficiently. Soil should be consistent enough to satisfy the requirements even under inevitable circumstances like earthquake, bomb reactions etc. It is necessary to incorporate the seismic effects into the soil properties. Like concrete or steel, engineering properties of soil cannot be found out using theory of classical dynamics and vibrations. It can be found only field and lab tests. To quench the above requirement, various techniques are employed nowadays. The most common methods are cyclic simple shear, cyclic triaxial shear and cyclic torsional shear tests. The dynamic triaxial test is the most effective method to arrive the static and dynamic properties of soil like cyclic deformation, damping ratio, liquefaction strength etc. Though it has some limitations, it is widely used for the analysis of soil under seismic forces. The fundamental parameters obtained from this test are cyclic shear stress and cyclic shear strain, through which the soil is defined. We will write a custom essay sample on Strain Controlled Triaxial Test- Geotechnical Engineering or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The tests can be done either by stress controlled (cyclic shear stress) or strain controlled (cyclic shear strain). The test setups are highly sophisticated and costly. It needs highly skilled labour. The measuring devices used in the system needs to be calibrated and sealed properly as it is more sensitive to disturbances. The results obtained reflect the site seismic condition to the maximum level provided the strain level is kept minimum. Fig 1. 1 Triaxial Cell Fig 1. 2. A typical Cyclic triaxial apparatus 1. 1WHY DYNAMIC TRIAXIAL The Dynamic forces are time dependent and are usually cyclic in nature i. e. they involve several cycles of loading, unloading and reloading. Earthquake is three dimensional in nature. Hence the shear waves and body waves produced by the earthquake tend to deform the soil in all the directions (for the horizontal level ground). Dynamic Triaxial tests actually reflect the soil condition (in all round stresses) in the site. During earthquakes, the seismic waves cause the loose sand to contract and thereby increasing the pore water pressure. Under undrained loading, development of high pore pressure results in upward flow of water, thereby making the sand in liquefied condition. Pore water pressure is measured effectively in triaxial tests. Among the stress-control and strain-control condition, strain control is adopted widely. This is because; stress-control test has great sensitivity to the sample disturbance. In case of strain-control, pore pressure developed during tests is less affected by specimen fabric and density. The tests can be done on intact specimens and reconstituted specimens. While comparing the results obtained from intact and reconstituted specimens, there is much deviation in stress-control compared to strain-control. (tests done by vucetic and dobry, in 1988). Stress path control is used in the study of path dependence of soil behaviour. Stress deformation and strength characteristics depend on initial static stress field, initial void ratio, pulsating stress level and the frequency of loading. 1. 2APPLICATIONS There are variety of engineering problems which rely heavily on the behaviour of soils under dynamic conditions. These includes design and the remediation Of machine foundation, geotechnical earthquake engineering, protection against construction vibration, non-destructive characterization of the subsurface, design of offshore structures, screening of rail and traffic induced vibrations, vibration isolation etc. When it comes to dynamic triaxial test, the wide range of application is the liquefaction behaviour of soil under seismic forces. 2. HISTORY One of the first pieces of equipment designed to test cyclic triaxial loading was the pendulum loading apparatus by Casagrande and Shannon in 1949. This utilizes the energy of the a pendulum which when released from a selected height, strikes a spring connected to the piston rod of a hydraulic cylinder, this cylinder is further connected to another cylinder located above the cel. The time of loading was between 0. 05 and 0. 01 sec. Fig. 2. 1. Pendulum Loading Apparatus Casagrande and Shannon came up with an equipment called Falling Beam Apparatus as shown in Fig. 2. 2 In 1960, Sead and fead used Pneumatic System for cyclic loading. It marks the evolution of the dynamic triaxial shear apparatus. Fig. 2. 2. Falling Beam Apparatus 3. PRINCIPLE First attempt was made by Seed and Lee (1966) by consolidating a saturated sample under a confining pressure and subjected to constant amplitude cyclic axial stress under undrained conditions. This test was performed till they deformed to a certain amount of peak axial strain. Under this condition creates a stress conditions on a plane of 45 ° through the sample which is the same as those produced on the horizontal plane in the ground during earthquakes. This is the basis on which the cyclic triaxial test works. Fig. 3. 1. Simulation of geostatic and cyclic stress in triaxial test. Shear stress is taken into account as it causes deformation. To incorporate seismic effects, uniform shear stress for a given cycle is adopted for non-uniform stress time data. To achieve that a maximum shear stress is multiplied by a correction factor ?. Then the test is carried out till required deformation or failure to occur. 4. EQUIPMENT 4. 1. Parts of Dynamic triaxial apparatus suggested by ASTM D 3999 – 91(2003) APPARATUSPURPOSECONSIDERATION 1. Triaxial Pressure CellTo mount sample and conduct testTolerance for piston, top platen low friction piston seal. Ball bearings and friction sealTo minimise frictionFriction can be,  ±2 % of the maximum single amplitude cyclic load Load rodTo facilitate loadingdia = 1/6th of specimen dia Specimen cap BaseTo provide a sealed platform Rigid, non corrosive, impermeable, Cap weight 0. 5% of applied axial failure load (static), Valves To regulate back pressure, cell pressure, pore water pressureLeak-proof, withstand applied pressure Top and bottom platensTo facilitate loading and provide a rigid baseProper alignment, load rod sealed with top platen with friction seal. 2. Cyclic Loading EquipmentTo induce cyclic loads Uniform sine wave @ 0. 1 to 2 Hz, simple ram or a closed loop electro hydraulic system 3. Recording EquipmentsTo record the data obtainedProperly calibrated Load MeasurementTo measure the cyclic loadsElectrical, analog or digital Axial deformation MeasurementTo measure the strain rateLVDT or dial guages Pressure ControlTo regulate cell pressureMercury or pneumatic device Pore Pressure transducerTo measure pore pressureTransducers or electronic pressure meters Volume change MeasurementTo check the volume change in the specimenCalibrated and widely used guages 3. Miscellaneous a. Rubber membrane b. Filter paper To hold the specimen To facilitate saturation Leak-proof with minimum restraint Must not cover more than 50% of the specimen. Fig. 4. 1. Schematic Diagram of a stain-controlled dynamic triaxial test 4. 2WORKING PROCEDURE The working mechanism mainly involves three phases a)Saturation phase:Initially the sand is sample saturated by applying cell and back pressure simultaneously. (cell pressure back pressure) b)Consolidation phase: during test, void ratio should be kept constant. It is obtained in this phase. Back pressure valve is closed. )Load Phase: Actual test begins here. Strain rate is fixed using gear system. Cyclic load is applied either using hydraulic or pneumatic type. Loads and corresponding strains are recorded at loading, unloading and reloading. Test is continued until the required strain or failure occurs. 5. RESULTS From the cyclic triaxial test, we can obtain various graphs for detailed analysis, †¢Load Vs Deforma tion †¢Deviatoric Stress Vs Time †¢Axial Strain (%) Vs Time †¢Excess Pore Pressure Vs Axial Strain (%) †¢Excess Pore Pressure Vs Time †¢Deviatoric Stress Vs Axial Strain (%) Fig. 5. 1. Axial load Vs. axial deformation From the hysteresis loop obtained, the dynamic Young’s modulus (Ed) can be calculated, from which shear modulus (G) can be calculated using poisson’s ratio ( µ). Damping factor (D) can also be calculated from the loop obtained. Shear Modulus, G = Ed / 2(1+ µ) Damping factor,D = Ai / 4? At Ai ? Area of Loop At ? Area of shaded portion 6. Discussions: Two series of undrained cyclic triaxial strain controlled tests were performed by Mladen Vucetic and Richardo Dobry, on two different Imperial Valley, California, silty sands which liquefied during an earthquake in 1981. Both intact and reconstituted specimens were tested. The cyclic shear strain is the fundamental parameter governing pore pressure buildup. The saturated deposit is composed of two layers: an upper, looser, sandy silt unit located between 2. 6 m and 3. 5 m depth, containing more fines (37%) (sand A), and the lower, loose to medium-dense sand unit located between 3. 5 m and 6. 8 m, containing less fines (25%) and (sand B). Selected plots of normalized cyclic shear stress, ? cy* = ? cy/? c„ and normalized residual pore pressure, u* = u/? c, versus number of uniform strain cycles, nc, up to nc = 30, are shown in Figs. 6. 1 and 4 for sands A and B, respectively, ? y above is the amplitude of cyclic shear stress acting on 45 ° planes within the specimen, with ? cy= ? dc/2 , where ? dc is the cyclic deviatoric stress amplitude, and u is the accumulated residual cychc pore pressure at the end of the pertinent strain cycle, derived from measurements at the point of the cycle at which the cyclic stress ? dc = ? cy = 0. Fig. 6. 1 Comparis on of results obtained on intact and reconstituted specimens of sand A The effect of sand fabric, that is, the difference between results obtained on reconstituted and intact specimens, is analyzed next for both sands A and B, with the help of Figs. . 1 and 6. 2. It can be readily noticed in these two figures that the residual pore pressures in cyclic triaxial strain-controlled tests are practically unaffected by the change of sand fabric (u* versus nc curves), while, on the contrary, soil stiffness is significantly affected (? cy* versus nc curves). This is especially noticeable in Fig. 6. 2. Fig. 6. 2 Comparison of results obtained on intact and reconstituted specimens of B. Fig. 6. 3 Residual pore pressure in reconstituted specimens of sands A and sand B It must also be noticed that the range of cyclic shear stresses measured at a given cyclic strain in Figs. . 1 and 6. 2, for the two sands and for the two types of specimen fabric, is quite wide, in contrast to the corresponding range of pore pressures in Fig. 6. 3, which is very narrow. This confirms once again that cyclic shear strain is the fundamental parameter governing pore pressure buildup, and that use of strain-controlled testing represents the most appropriate, as well as the most convenient, approach currently available for evaluation of seismic pore pressures and liquefaction of level ground sites. 7. FACTORS AFFECTING CYCLIC STRENGTH Effect of Confining Stress Critical void ratio is not a constant but decreases as confining pressure increases. The stress ratio decreases with increasing confining pressure. Effect of Loading Wave Form As the load data obtained from history are converted into uniform cycle by ?. The order of increasing strength was rectangular, triangular and sine Effects of Frequency on Cyclic Strength The frequency effects have only a minor ( 10 percent) effect on cyclic strength of the soils. The slower loading frequency have slightly higher strength. Effects of Relative Density At relative densities 50%, complete liquefaction occurred almost simultaneously, and relative densities above 70% were required for safety against large strains. Effects of size Gradation Well-graded material was somewhat weaker than uniformly graded material. This finding was attributed to a greater densification tendency in well-graded soils, as finer particles move into voids between larger particles, than occurs in uniformly graded soils. This densification tendency causes increased pore pressure. Effects of sampling on strain history Once a specimen has liquefied and reconsolidated to a denser structure, despite this densification, the specimen is much weaker to cyclic stresses reapplied. Effects of Over consolidation Ratio and Ko The maximum deviator stress required to cause a critical strain for a specified number of cycle’s increases with the Ko ratio. Also the cyclic strength increases as OCR and fines content increase. 8. VALIDATION The validation of the apparatus is done by successive tests, researcher’s experience and available equipments. Mladen vucetic and richardo dobry conducted two series (Intact and Reconstituted Specimens) of undrained cyclic triaxial tests on Imperial Valley, California, silty sands which liquefied during an earthquake in 1981. The results were compared and the experimental set up was validated. Further the tests were conducted on different types of sand and validated. 9. DEVELOPMENTS Since 1966, there has been a considerable improvements in the triaxial testing apparatus meeting results of higher accuracy and efficiency. Initially stress controlled methods were used, then strain controlled methods were adopted. To apply loads, initially hydraulic jack was used, then pneumatic system was used and then electro piezometer. Likewise there are so many advancements of triaxial tests. Some of the advancements are discussed below. Chan (1981), and Li et al (1988) Fig. 7. 1. , have developed a popular electro-pneumatic apparatus which incorporates many advancements in apparatus design and operation. Fig. 9. 1. Electro-pneumatic Apparatus Automated Cyclic Triaxial system is the next development, which is the most comonly used apparatus. It is well known for its automated input and output System, data acquisition and quick results. Fig. 9. 2. Automated Triaxial System 9. 1 RECENT ADVANCEMENTS GDS Entry level Dynamic triaxial testing system ?Technical Specifications ?Maximum Operating Frequency: 5Hz ?Minimum Operating Frequency: 0. 001Hz ?Highly accurate dynamic, electro-mechanical actuator ?Available sample sizes (depending on cell selection): 38 x 76mm (or ? 39. 1 x 78. 2mm) to ? 150 x 300mm. Fig. 9. 3. GDS ELD ? 16-Bit dynamic data logging ?16 Bit dynamic actuator control channel ?Cell pressure range to 2MPa (dependent of cell choice) ?Small laboratory foot print No hydraulic power pack required ?Standard Triaxial cells can be used (upgraded to dynamic seals and bearings) ? Can be upgraded to perform P and S wave bender element testing. ?Can be upgraded to perform unsaturated triaxial testing with the addition of the following items: a)Unsaturated pedestal with high air entry porous stone. b)1000cc digital air Pressure/volume controller (ADVDPC) for the applicatio n of pore air pressure and measurement of air volume change c)Optional HKUST double cell (available in the data sheet ‘Unsaturated Triaxial Testing of Soil (UNSAT). As well as dynamic triaxial tests, the ELDyn system can be utilised to carry out traditional triaxial tests such as UU, CU and CD as well as more advanced tests such as stress paths, K0 and Resilient Modulus tests. HS28. 610 cyclic triaxial test system is also a sophisticated apparatus available in Newdelhi (India). DYNATRIAX is another advanced cyclic triaxial equipment available at many places Los Angeles, Poland and many countries. It can operate at a maximum frequency of 10Hz. 10. CONCLUSION Many innovative systems for cyclic loading of soil have emerged in geotechnical engineering. Each system has its unique advantages and limitations. Some ways of minimizing these limitations have been pointed out. The advanced equipments are an additional tool for performing cyclic loading, in particular liquefaction testing. Extreme care must be used in preparing remoulded sand specimens, and special attention must be paid to testing techniques in order to obtain reproducible test results. In particular, the method of specimen preparation, the shape of the loading wave form, and the preciseness of density determinations greatly affect cyclic strength. Hence, development of ASTM standards for cyclic triaxial testing should include consideration of these factors in the results of this investigation. 11. REFERENCES: ASTM D 3999 Determination of Modulus and Damping Properties of Soils Using the Cyclic Triaxial Apparatus Advanced triaxial testing of soil and rock Page 484 by Robert T. Donaghe, Ronald C. Chaney, Marshall L. Silver Chan, C. K. , 1981, An Electropneumatic Cyclic Loading System, Geotechnical Testing Journal, ASTM, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 183-187. Dynamic Geotechnical Testing H Ronald J. Ebelhar, Vincent P. Drnevich, and Bruce L. Kutter. STP 1213 ASTM Publication Dynamic Geotechnical Testing : a symposium by Marshall L. Silver Khosla, V. K. and Singh, R. D. , Apparatus for Cyclic Stress Path Testing, Geoteehnical Testing Journal, GTJODJ, Vol. 6, No. 4, Dec. 1983, pp. t65-172. Fundamental of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering By Prasad. Soil Liquefaction, a critical state approach by Mike Jefferies Ken Been Kramer, Steven L. , Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996 Townsend, F. C, A Review of Factors Affecting Cyclic Triaxial Teste, Dynamic Geotechnical Testing, ASTM STP 654, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1978, pp. 356-383.

Factors Should Be Considered While Making Investment Accounting Essay Essays

Factors Should Be Considered While Making Investment Accounting Essay Essays Factors Should Be Considered While Making Investment Accounting Essay Essay Factors Should Be Considered While Making Investment Accounting Essay Essay In this undertaking we need to depict the two undertakings and compare them and do study of that two undertakings by using our cognition undertaking public and private and how the appraise and by comparing them and in the 2nd portion demand to compose about station audit assessment by recommendation. Compared two Investment undertakings Capital outgo can be defined as outgo where the benefits last more than 15 months.A For the most portion, this means outgo on assets such as edifices or equipment, which can be used over a long period. Capital points are important assets that will hold a life of many old ages, such as land, new edifices, roads, etc. This is different to gross disbursement, which covers daily points to run services such as staffing and purchase of services. Capital points need to be funded individually to reflect this difference in usage. : Gross outgo is expenditure incurred either for the intent of trade of concern i.e. , merchandising and distribution disbursals. It is used for keeping bing gaining capacity of non-current assets. Sing two investing undertakings below: Net income / Loss Undertaking A Undertaking B Capital Outgo ( 60000 ) ( 60000 ) Year 1 10000 25000 Year 2 35000 15000 Year 3 15000 10000 Year 4 ( 9000 ) 10000 Year 5 ( 10000 ) ( 9000 ) Each undertaking is expected to be operational for five old ages and at the terminal of which clip there is non expected to be any scrap value. Capital outgo for both undertakings would be incurred instantly. Depreciation to be charged on consecutive line footing method. Tax to be ignored. Cost of capital to be 15 % . Project-A Capital Outgo is 60000. At the terminal of five old ages value becomes zero. Year Cost in Percentage 15 % Discount Factor 1 1 / 1 + 0.15 0.894 2 0.894 / 1 + 0.15 0.797 3 0.797 / 1 + 0.15 0.712 4 0.712 / 1 + 0.15 0.637 5 0.637 / 1 + 0.15 0.567 Year Profit/Loss Discount Factor Present Value 0 ( 80000 ) 1 26000 0.894 23244 ( 26000*0.894 ) 2 51000 0.797 40647 ( 51000*0.797 ) 3 31000 0.712 22072 ( 31000*0.712 ) 4 7000 0.637 4459 ( 7000*0.637 ) 5 N.P.V 6000 0.567 3402 ( 6000*0.567 ) 33824 ( 93824-60000 ) At the terminal of five old ages, undertaking would give ?33824 ( 93824 60000 ) Project-B Capital Outgo is 60000. At the terminal of five old ages value becomes zero. Depreciation = 12000 ( 60000/5 ) . Net income is increased by 12000, net income becomes 37000 ( 25000+12000 ) . Calculating pay-back period of undertaking and Net nowadays value Calculating net present value Interest rate = 15 % Depreciation = 12000 ( 60000/5 ) . Net income is increased by 12000, net income becomes 22000 ( 10000+12000 ) Calculating pay-back period of undertaking and Net nowadays value Calculating net present value Interest rate = 15 % Year Net income / Loss Discount Factor Present Value 0 ( 60000 ) 1 37000 0.894 33078 ( 37000 * 0.894 ) 2 31000 0.797 24707 ( 31000*0.797 ) 3 22000 0.712 15664 ( 22000*0.712 ) 4 26000 0.637 16536 ( 26000*0.637 ) 5 N.P.V 5000 0.567 2835 ( 5000*0.567 ) 32820 ( 92820-60000 ) At the terminal of five old ages, undertaking would give ? 32820 ( 92820- 60000 ) As placing both undertakings A and B, I would propose to put in undertaking A there is more income as compared to project B and payback period is besides early every bit compared to project B. Net Present Value The difference between the present value of hard currency influxs and the present value of hard currency escapes. NPV is used in capital budgeting to analyze the profitableness of an investing or project.A NPVA analysis is sensitive to theA dependability of future hard currency influxs that an investing or undertaking will yield.A For illustration, if a retail shops businessA wants to buy an bing shop, it would foremost gauge the hereafter hard currency flows that shop would bring forth, and so dismiss those hard currency flows into one lump-sum present value sum, say 565,000Pounds. If the proprietor of the shop was willing to sell his concern for less than 565,000Pounds, the buying company would probably accept the offer as it presents a positive NPV investing. Conversely, if the proprietor would non sell for less than 565,000Pounds, the buyer would non purchase the shop, as the investing wouldA present a negative NPV at that clip and would, hence, cut down the overall value of the Retail Store. Discount Payback Period The payback method determines the length of clip it takes to retrieve an initial investing. This sum of clip is called the payback period. A peculiar sum of clip is selected as a cut-off payback period for the undertaking to payback the initial investing. The easiest manner to believe of the payback period is the length of clip it takes to interrupt even in an accounting sense. Advantage Adjust unsteadily of later hard currency back. Disadvantage Ignores clip value for money and does nt number hard currency flow. Must take an arbitrary cut off point. Biased against long-run undertakings. Company make some comparing between different undertakings and seek to happen out most effectual and profitable undertaking for the company, but Private Company do investing sing different factors so public company. Following factors should be considered while doing investing: Weight of time-value of money Payback period Interest rate Company make some comparing between different undertakings and seek to happen out most effectual and profitable undertaking for the company, but Private Company do investing sing different factors so public company. Public sector: In public sector, company can non even trust on the fiscal information like rate of return and payback period etc, there are so many other issues needed to be considered while doing determination on taking or rejecting any undertaking. It involves the bringing of goods and services by and for the authorities national, regional local or municipal. ( e.g. Companies house, HM Revenue A ; Hospitals etc ) Other Factors need to be taken into history: Health and Safety ( e.g. HM Revenue, Companies House ) Geographic Location Government Polices and Properties Rate of Taxation Task 2.2 A ; 2.3 Post Audit Appraisal and Recommendation A set of procedures to measuring capital budgeting determination after the companies achieved facts and figures. It is the work to give an sentiment as to whether the fiscal statements show a true and just values and positions of the consequences at the terminal of selected fiscal twelvemonth. To make post-audit of any administration, more information about the company will supply more clear image and thought about to do post-audit. Balance Sheet It Provide detailed information about the concern assets and liabilities besides the liquidness of the concern. Net income and loss history It How net income or loss gathered by administration Cash flow statement Shows all hard currency influxs and out flows of the concern during the peculiar clip period Stakeholders, employees, providers, Inland Revenue provide in deepness cognition about the concern Trading figures Gross saless and purchases helps to happen net income sum both fiscal and non-financially ( i.e. client satisfaction ) Cost information of the production and merchandises Capital Budgeting of the administration will give the information about the future undertakings and financess ( expected ) . A station audit of an investing determination should include an appraisal of the decision-making procedure, and the consequences, benefits, and results of the determination. It facilitates organisational acquisition and support uninterrupted betterment in the investing and execution procedure. It assesses, after the fact, the efficiency and effectivity of an investing assessment, and direction s determination and execution. It should besides include a reappraisal of premises made during the decision-making procedure, for illustration premises on markets, engineering, competition, cost of capital, etc. Post audit proctors and evaluates the advancement of capital investing through comparing existent hard currency flows and other costs and benefits with those originally projected. Where a reappraisal can non mensurate all hard currency flows generated by an investing undertaking ( for illustration where it is non possible to divide the impact of a undertaking from the balance of an organisation ) , comparative success should be judged on a wider set of concern procedures or plan. In order to make up ones mind, which undertaking is good for the company, need to measure and analyze the undertakings on the available informations sing the capital outgo and net incomes, the Net Present Value, Pay-back period and Internal rate of Return etc. Performance Mentoring Cost Benefit Analysis Hazard factor Other factors such as proficient or rising prices. All these finance information makes easy to make post-audit. It is non merely depends up on fiscal information but besides needs to acquire other non-financial information that will besides give good aid to make the post-audit. More and precise informations, histories will assist needed in procedure.

How to Conjugate the French Verb Adorer (to Adore)

How to Conjugate the French Verb Adorer (to Adore) The French verb  adorer  means exactly what it looks like: to adore. Its a regular verb and that means that it follows a simple pattern when conjugating it to fit the subject and tense of your sentence. This is an easy French lesson and by the end, youll know exactly how to conjugate  adorer. Conjugating the French Verb  Adorer In French, verbs are conjugated in order to match the tense and subject pronoun of the sentence. The pronouns are the I, you, he, she, we, and they that act as the subjects. These are the basic pronouns like  j, tu, il, nous, vous, and ils that you learn in basic French lessons. Adorer  is a  regular -er verb  and it follows a simple pattern for changing the ending as we conjugate it from tense and subject. Once you are familiar with the pattern, you can conjugate any number of similar verbs. The following chart explains how  adorer  is conjugated into the  present, future, imperfect past, and present participle tenses. You will match the word with the subject your speaking about. For instance, to say, I adore, you would simply say jadore in French. Its actually quite easy when you put it to practice. Subject Present Future Imperfect j' adore adorerai adorais tu adores adoreras adorais il adore adorera adorait nous adorons adorerons adorions vous adorez adorerez adoriez ils adorent adoreront adoraient Adorers Present Participle The  present participle  of  adorer  is  adorant. The -ant  ending is used in a similar manner to the -ing in English. In this form,  adorant  can be used as a verb. You may find it helpful as an adjective, gerund, or noun as well. Adorer  in Past Tense Beyond the imperfect past tense, you can also use the common  passà © composà ©Ã‚  to express that you adored something.   In order to do this, you will need to add the  auxiliary verb, or helping verb,  avoir  in a conjugated form. Also, rather than changing the  adorer  verb to match the subject, you can simply use the  past participle  of adorà ©. For example, to say I adored, you can simple say jai adorà ©. Likewise, to say we adored in French, you will say nous avons  adorà ©. In these phrases, ai and  avons are conjugates of the verb  avoir. More Conjugations of  Adorer Those are the easy conjugations and the ones that you will use most often in French. There are special circumstances when you will need to use another form of  adorer. The subjunctive is a verb mood that expresses that an action is subjective or uncertain. The conditional verb mood tells you that the adoration only applies under certain conditions. You may never use the passà © simple or imperfect subjunctive as these are used in formal writing. However, its a good idea to be aware of how they are used. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j' adore adorerais adorai adorasse tu adores adorerais adoras adorasses il adore adorerait adora adorà ¢t nous adorions adorerions adorà ¢mes adorassions vous adoriez adoreriez adorà ¢tes adorassiez ils adorent adoreraient adorà ¨rent adorassent The imperative form of  adorer  is the last conjugation that you may use from time to time. This is also a verb mood and it allows you to refrain from using the subject pronoun. For instance, instead of saying tu adore, you can simply say  adore. Imperative (tu) adore (nous) adorons (vous) adorez More Ways to Express Love and Adoration in French French is often called the language of love. While you are studying the conjugations of  adorer, you might want to expand your vocabulary to include other French words for love. Its fun and a lesson that youre sure adorer.